List of invasive species in Florida
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Invasive species in Florida are introduced organisms that cause damage to the environment, human economy, or human health in Florida.[1] Native plants and animals can become threatened by from the spread of invasive species.
Animals[edit]
Mammals[edit]
- Brown rat (Rattus norvegicus)[2]
- Black rat (R. rattus)[3]
- Chital (Axis axis)[4]
- Coypu or nutria (Myocastor coypus)[5]
- House mouse (Mus musculus)[6]
- Wild boar (Sus scrofa) [7]
- Feral cat (Felis catus)[8]
- Capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) [9]
- Red fox (Vulpes vulpes)[10][11]
- Mexican gray squirrel (Sciurus aureogaster)[12][13]
- Rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta)[14]
- Nine-banded armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus)[15][16]
Birds[edit]
- European starling (Sturnus vulgaris)[17][18]
- Feral pigeon (Columba livia domestica)[19]
- House sparrow (Passer domesticus)[20]
- Indian peacock (Pavo cristatus)[21]
- Eurasian collared dove (Streptopelia decaocto)[22]
- Muscovy duck (Cairina moschata)[23]
- Red-whiskered bulbul (Pycnonotus jocosus)[24]
Reptiles[edit]
- African rock python (Python sebae)[25][26]
- Argentine black and white tegu (Salvator merianae)[27]
- Black spiny-tailed iguana (Ctenosaura similis)[28]
- Brown anole (Anolis sagrei)[29]
- Burmese python (Python bivittatus)[30] see main article: Burmese pythons in Florida
- Common boa (Boa constrictor)[31][32]
- Common house gecko (Hemidactylus frenatus)[33]
- Green iguana (Iguana iguana)[34]
- Mediterranean gecko (Hemidactylus turcicus)[35]
- Nile monitor (Varanus niloticus)[36]
- Red-eared slider (Trachemys scripta elegans)[37]
- Spectacled caiman (Caiman crocodilus)[38][39]
Amphibians[edit]
- Cane toad (Rhinella marina)[40]
- Common coquí (Eleutherodactylus coqui)[41]
- Cuban tree frog (Osteopilus septentrionalis)[42]
- Greenhouse frog (Eleutherodactylus planirostris)[43]
Fish[edit]
- African jewelfish (Hemichromis letourneuxi)[44]
- Asian swamp eel (Monopterus albus)[45]
- Blue tilapia (Oreochromis aureus)[46]
- Black acara (Cichlasoma bimaculatum)[47]
- Bullseye snakehead (Channa marulius)[48]
- Clown featherback (Chitala ornata)[49]
- Lionfish (Pterois miles & P. volitans)[50][51]
- Mayan cichlid (Cichlasoma urophthalmum)[52]
- Northern snakehead (Channa argus)[53]
- Oscar (Astronotus ocellatus)[54]
- Pike killifish (Belonesox belizanus)[55]
- Spotted tilapia (Pelmatolapia mariae)[56]
- Walking catfish (Clarias batrachus)[57]
- Yellowfin goby (Acanthogobius flavimanus)[58]
- Asian carp (Cyprinus carpio)[59][60]
Invertebrates[edit]
- Metamasius callizona (Mexican bromeliad weevil) Potential Biodiversity Loss in Florida Bromeliad Phytotelmata due to Metamasius callizona (Coleoptera: Dryophthoridae), an Invasive Species
- Euglossa dilemma (green orchid bee) green orchid bee - Euglossa dilemma Friese
- Pomacea maculata (island applesnail) giant applesnail (Pomacea maculata) - Species Profile
- Corbicula fluminea (Asian clam) Asian clam (Corbicula fluminea) - Species Profile
- Lissachatina fulica (African giant land snail) New York Invasive Species Information – New York State's gateway to science-based invasive species information
- Marisa cornuarietis (Colombian ramshorn apple snail) Marisa cornuarietis (giant ramshorn)
- Melanoides tuberculata (Red-rimmed melania) Melanoides tuberculata (red-rimmed melania)
- Zachrysia provisoria (Cuban brown snail) Zachrysia provisoria (Cuban brown snail)
- Platydemus manokwari (New Guinea flatworm) Invasive New Guinea flatworm surfaces in PBC
- Amynthas agrestis (Crazy worm) Amynthas agrestis (crazy worm)
- Aedes albopictus (Asian tiger mosquito) Aedes albopictus (Asian tiger mosquito)
- Aethina tumida (Small hive beetle) Aethina tumida
- Anastrepha suspensa (Caribbean fruit fly) Anastrepha suspensa (Caribbean fruit fly)
- Aphis spiraecola (Spirea aphid) Aphis spiraecola (Spirea aphid)
- Apis mellifera scutellata (African bee) Apis mellifera scutellata (africanized bee)
- Aulacaspis yasumatsui (Cycad aulacaspis scale) Aulacaspis yasumatsui (cycad aulacaspis scale)
- Cactoblastis cactorum (Cactus moth) Cactoblastis cactorum (cactus moth)
- Cerataphis lataniae (Palm aphid) Cerataphis lataniae (palm aphid)
- Cnestus mutilatus (Camphor shot borer) Xylosandrus mutilatus (camphor shoot beetle)
- Coptotermes formosanus (Formosan subterranean termite) Coptotermes formosanus (Formosan subterranean termite)
- Coptotermes gestroi (Asian subterranean termite)[61]
- Cryptotermes brevis (Powderpost termite) Cryptotermes brevis (powderpost termite)
- Culex quinquefasciatus (Southern house mosquito) Culex quinquefasciatus (southern house mosquito)
- Dinoderus minutus (Bamboo borer) Dinoderus minutus (bamboo borer)
- Glycaspis brimblecombei (Red gum lerp psyllid) Glycaspis brimblecombei (red gum lerp psyllid)
- Harmonia axyridis (Harlequin ladybird) Harmonia axyridis (harlequin ladybird)
- Heterotermes cardini (West Indian subterranean termite)[61]
- Hypogeococcus pungens (Cactus mealybug) Hypogeococcus pungens (cactus mealybug)
- Icerya purchasi (Cottony cushion scale) Icerya purchasi (cottony cushion scale)
- Incisitermes minor (Western drywood termite)[61]
- Leptocybe invasa (Blue gum chalcid wasp) Leptocybe invasa (blue gum chalcid)
- Linepithema humile (Argentine ant) Linepithema humile (Argentine ant)
- Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Pink hibiscus mealybug) Maconellicoccus hirsutus (pink hibiscus mealybug)
- Nasutitermes corniger (Conehead termite)[61]
- Opogona sacchari (Banana moth) Opogona sacchari (banana moth)
- Paratachardina pseudolobata (Lobate lac scale) Paratachardina pseudolobata (lobate lac scale)TNC Global Invasive Species Team page
- Pheidole megacephala (Big-headed ant) Pheidole megacephala (big-headed ant)
- Phenacoccus solenopsis (Cotton mealybug) Phenacoccus solenopsis (cotton mealybug)
- Raoiella indica (Red palm mite) Raoiella indica (red palm mite)
- Solenopsis invicta (Red imported fire ant) Solenopsis invicta (red imported fire ant)
- Tapinoma melanocephalum (Ghost ant) Tapinoma melanocephalum (ghost ant)
- Trichomyrmex destructor (Singapore ant) Monomorium destructor (Singapore ant)
- Wasmannia auropunctata (Electric ant) Wasmannia auropunctata (little fire ant)
- Xanthogaleruca luteola (Elm leaf beetle) Pyrrhalta luteola (elm leaf beetle)
- Xyleborinus saxeseni (Fruit-tree pinhole borer) Xyleborinus saxesenii (fruit-tree pinhole borer)
- Xylosandrus compactus (Black twig borer) Xylosandrus compactus (shot-hole borer)
- Xylosandrus crassiusculus (Asian ambrosia beetle) Xylosandrus crassiusculus (Asian ambrosia beetle)
- Bugula neritina (Brown bryozoan) Bugula neritina (brown bryozoan)
- Polyandrocarpa zorritensis Polyandrocarpa zorritensis
- Cordylophora caspia (Euryhaline hydroid) Cordylophora (euryhaline hydroid)
- Tubastraea coccinea (Orange cup coral) Tubastraea coccinea (orange-cup coral)
Plants[edit]
The non-governmental organization FISC published the following list of invasive plant species in 2023. Formerly known as Florida Exotic Plant Pest Council (FLEPPC), the council changed it's name to Florida Invasive Species Council (FISC) to retire outdated terminology. Since the 2019 FLEPPC list, Category I includes 3 additional species, and four species have been added to Category II. The watch list from FISC highlights species of concern which are not yet included in the Category I or II lists. The FISC list is a recommendation for natural resource managers, environmental education, and volunteer removal, but is not regulatory by law.[62][63][64] State regulated plant species are listed in the State of Florida Noxious Weed List, and the State of Florida Prohibited Aquatic Plants List. Many of the non-native plant species documented in Florida are assessed for invasive potential by UF IFAS.[65]
FISC lists Category I species as plants which displace native species, disrupt ecological functions, or hybridize with native species. Category II species have not yet altered Florida plant communities to the extent shown by Category I species, but may become Category I if enough damage is documented.[66]
Category I[edit]
- Abrus precatorius
- Acacia auriculiformis
- Albizia julibrissin
- Albizia lebbeck
- Ardisia crenata
- Ardisia elliptica
- Asparagus aethiopicus
- Bauhinia variegata
- Bischofia javanica
- Calophyllum antillanum
- Casuarina equisetifolia
- Casuarina glauca
- Cenchrus purpureus (Pennisetum purpureum)
- Cinnamomum camphora
- Colocasia esculenta
- Colubrina asiatica
- Cupaniopsis anacardioides
- Cyperus blepharoleptos*
- Deparia petersenii
- Dioscorea alata
- Dioscorea bulbifera
- Dolichandra unguis-cati (Macfadyena unguis-cati)
- Eichhornia crassipes
- Eugenia uniflora
- Ficus microcarpa
- Heptapleurum actinophyllum
- Hydrilla verticillata
- Hygrophila polysperma
- Hymenachne amplexicaulis
- Imperata cylindrica
- Ipomoea aquatica
- Jasminum dichotomum
- Jasminum fluminense
- Lantana strigocamara (traditionally misidentified as L. camara)
- Ligustrum lucidum
- Ligustrum sinense
- Lonicera japonica
- Ludwigia peruviana
- Lumnitzera racemosa
- Luziola subintegra
- Lygodium japonicum
- Lygodium microphyllum
- Manilkara zapota
- Melaleuca quinquenervia
- Melinis repens syn. Rhynchelytrum repens
- Microsorum grossum - previously misidentified as M. scolopendria
- Microstegium vimineum
- Mimosa pigra
- Nandina domestica
- Nephrolepis brownii
- Nephrolepis cordifolia
- Neyraudia reynaudiana
- Nymphoides cristata
- Paederia cruddasiana
- Paederia foetida
- Panicum repens
- Pistia - actually likely a native cryptogenic species, but listed as invasive[67][68]
- Psidium cattleianum
- Psidium guajava
- Pueraria montana var. lobata syn. P. lobata
- Rhodomyrtus tomentosa
- Ruellia simplex (syn. R. brittoniana, R. tweediana, R. caerulea, R. simplex)
- Salvinia minima
- Scaevola taccada
- Schinus terebinthifolius
- Scleria eggersiana*
- Scleria lacustris
- Scleria microcarpa
- Senna pendula var. glabrata
- Solanum tampicense
- Solanum viarum
- Sporobolus jacquemontii
- Syngonium podophyllum
- Syzygium cumini
- Tectaria incisa
- Thelypteris opulenta
- Thespesia populnea
- Tradescantia fluminensis
- Tradescantia spathacea*
- Triadica sebifera syn. Sapium sebiferum
- Urena lobata
- Vitex rotundifolia
Category 2[edit]
- Adenanthera pavonina
- Agave sisalana
- Alstonia macrophylla
- Alternanthera philoxeroides
- Antigonon leptopus
- Ardisia japonica
- Aristolochia elegans Aristolochia littoralis
- Asystasia gangetica
- Begonia culcullata
- Broussonetia papyrifera
- Bruguiera gynnorhiza
- Callisia fragrans
- Casuarina cunninghamiana
- Cecropia palmata
- Cenchrus polystachios (Pennisetum polystachion)
- Cenchrus setaceus (Pennisetum setaceum)
- Cestrum diurnum
- Chamaedorea seifrizii
- Clematis terniflora
- Cocos nucifera
- Crassocephalum crepidioides
- Cryptostegia madagascariensis
- Cyperus involucratus
- Cyperus prolifer
- Dactyloctenium aegyptium
- Dalbergia sissoo
- Dalechampia scandens
- Distimake tuberosus (Merremia tuberosa)
- Dracaena hyacinthoides (Sansevieria hyacinthoides)
- Elaeagnus pungens
- Elaeagnus umbellata
- Epipremnum pinnatum
- Eulophia graminea
- Ficus altissima
- Flacourtia indica
- Hemarthria altissima
- Heteropterys brachiata
- Hyparrhenia rufa
- Ipomoea carnea subsp. fistulosa
- Kalanchoe pinnata
- Kalanchoe x houghtonii
- Koelreuteria elegans subsp. formosana
- Landoltia punctata (Spirodela punctata)
- Leucaena leucocephala
- Limnophila sessiliflora
- Livistona chinensis
- Macroptilium lathyroides
- Melaleuca viminalis (Callistemon viminalis)
- Melia azedarach
- Melinis minutiflora
- Mikania micrantha
- Momordica charantia
- Murraya paniculata
- Myriophyllum spicatum
- Passiflora biflora
- Phoenix reclinata
- Phyllostachys aurea
- Pittosporum pentandrum
- Platycerium bifurcatum
- Praxelis clematidea
- Pteris tripartita*
- Pteris vittata
- Ptychosperma elegans
- Richardia grandiflora
- Ricinus communis
- Rotala rotundifolia
- Ruellia blechum
- Selenicereus pteranthus*
- Sesbania punicea
- Sida planicaulis
- Solanum diphyllum
- Solanum torvum
- Spermacoce verticillata Does not include the native endemic Spermacoce neoterminalis.
- Sphagneticola trilobata (Wedelia triloba)
- Stachytarpheta cayennensis Produces a hybrid with the Florida native species Stachytarpheta jamaicensis known as Stachytarpheta x intercedens[69]
- Syagrus romanzoffiana
- Syzygium jambos
- Tabebuia heterophylla*
- Talipariti tiliaceum var. tiliaceum
- Terminalia catappa
- Terminalia muelleri
- Thelypteris dentata (Christella dentata)
- Tribulus cistoides
- Urochloa maxima (Panicum maximum)
- Vernicia fordii
- Vitex trifolia
- Washingtonia robusta
- Wisteria sinensis
- Xanthosoma sagittifolium
*Species added in 2023
See also[edit]
- List of amphibians of Florida
- List of birds of Florida
- List of mammals of Florida
- List of reptiles of Florida
- List of snakes of Florida
- Invasive species in the United States
- List of invasive species in the Everglades
- Fauna of Florida
References[edit]
- ^ "Florida's Exotic Fish and Wildlife". Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission.
- ^ "Rattus norvegicus (brown rat)". www.cabi.org.
- ^ "Rattus rattus (black rat)". Retrieved 7 April 2024.
- ^ "Axis axis (Indian spotted deer)". www.cabi.org.
- ^ Griffo, James V. (1957). "The Status of the Nutria in Florida". Quarterly Journal of the Florida Academy of Sciences. 20 (3): 209–215. ISSN 0015-3850.
- ^ "Land Mammals - House Mouse". Florida Fish And Wildlife Conservation Commission.
- ^ "Wild Hog". Florida Fish And Wildlife Conservation Commission.
- ^ Domestic cats myfwc.com [dead link]
- ^ Parker, Brandon; Anderson, C. Jane; Romagosa, Christina M.; Wisely, Samantha M.; Pearson, Daniel; Seyjagat, John; Sayler, Katherine Ashley (22 January 2018). "Status of Capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris Rodentia: Hydrochaeridae) and Potential for Establishment in Florida: WEC393/UW438, 12/2017". EDIS. 2018 (1): 5–5. doi:10.32473/edis-uw438-2017. ISSN 2576-0009.
- ^ "Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes)" (PDF). Florida State Parks. Florida Department of Environmental Protection. Retrieved 24 November 2022.
- ^ "Vulpes vulpes (red fox)". www.cabi.org.
- ^ Tilmant, James T. (September 1980). Investigations of Rodent Damage to the Thatch Palms Thrinax morrisii and Thrinax radiata on Elliott Key, Biscayne National Park, Florida (PDF). Everglades National Park, South Florida Research Center (Technical report). National Park Service. M-589.
- ^ Palmer, Geoffrey H.; Koprowski, John L.; Pernas, Anthony J. (February 2014). "Distribution and spread of an introduced insular population of red-bellied squirrels (Sciurus aureogaster) in Florida". Mammalia. 78 (1): 67–73. doi:10.1515/mammalia-2012-0141. S2CID 53685731. Retrieved 2 December 2022.
- ^ "Rhesus Macaque". Florida Fish And Wildlife Conservation Commission.
- ^ Ober, Holly K.; DeGroote, Lucas W.; Mizell, Russell F. (2 November 2017). "Baiting the Nine-Banded Armadillo". UF/IFAS Extension. University of Florida. Retrieved 24 November 2022.
- ^ Taulman, J F; Robbins, L W (1996). "Recent range expansion and distributional limits of the nine-banded armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus) in the United States". Journal of Biogeography. 23 (5): 635–648. Bibcode:1996JBiog..23..635T. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2699.1996.tb00024.x.
- ^ Tracey, John; Gehrke, Brandon (2022). "Sturnus vulgaris (common starling)". CABI Compendium. CABI Compendium: 51979. doi:10.1079/cabicompendium.51979. S2CID 253611022.
- ^ "Sturnus Vulgaris (European starling)". www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/European_starling/overview.
- ^ "Columba livia (pigeons)". www.cabi.org.
- ^ "Passer domesticus (house sparrow)". www.cabi.org.
- ^ "Pavo cristatas (Peacock)". sciencing.com.
- ^ "Eurasian Collared-Dove | Audubon Field Guide". www.audubon.org. Retrieved 29 May 2024.
- ^ "cairina moschata (muscovy duck)". Florida Fish And Wildlife Conservation Commission.
- ^ "Pycnonotus jocosus (Red-whiskered bulbul)". www.cabi.org.
- ^ "Northern African Python". Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission.
- ^ "Python sebae (African rock python)". www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/florida-snake-id/snake/african-rock-python/. 17 August 2020.
- ^ "WEC295/UW340: Florida Invader: Tegu Lizard".
- ^ "Ctenosaura similis (black spiny-tailed iguana)". www.cabi.org.
- ^ "Brown anole". www.tsusinvasives.org. Retrieved 23 January 2020.
- ^ Reptiles. Burmese python myfwc.com [dead link]
- ^ "Boa constrictor imperator". Global Invasive Species Database.
- ^ "Boa constrictor (common boa)". www.nationalgeographic.com/animal/reptile/fact/boa-constrictor. 10 September 2010. Archived from the original on 25 February 2021.
- ^ "Hemidactylus frenatus (common house gecko)". www.cabi.org.
- ^ Krysko, Kenneth L; Enge, Kevin M; Donlan, Ellen M; Seitz, Jason C (2007), "Distribution, Natural History, and Impacts of the Introduced Green Iguana in Florida", Iguana: Conservation, Natural History, and Husbandry of Reptiles, International Reptile Conservation Foundation, 14 (3): 142–151
- ^ "Focal Species: Mediterranean Gecko" (PDF). ufl.edu. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
- ^ "Welcome to Cape Coral, FL". www.capecoral.gov. Retrieved 29 May 2024.
- ^ "Trachemys scripta elegans (red-eared slider)". www.cabi.org.
- ^ "Range of American crocodiles and caimans in Florida".
- ^ "(PDF) Adverse Encounters With Alligators in the United States/ An Update".
- ^ IFAS Extension [dead link]
- ^ "Eleutherodactylus coqui (Caribbean tree frog)". www.cabi.org.
- ^ "WEC320/UW365: The Invasion of Exotic Reptiles and Amphibians in Florida".
- ^ "Greenhouse Frog (Eleutherodactylus planirostris)". Florida Fish And Wildlife Conservation Commission.
- ^ "Hemichromis letourneuxi (African jewelfish)". www.cabi.org.
- ^ "Monopterus albus (Asian swamp eel)". www.cabi.org.
- ^ "Blue Tilapia". Florida Fish And Wildlife Conservation Commission.
- ^ "Black Acara". Florida Fish And Wildlife Conservation Commission.
- ^ "Bullseye Snakehead". Florida Fish And Wildlife Conservation Commission.
- ^ "Clown Knifefish". Florida Fish And Wildlife Conservation Commission.
- ^ O'Connor, Rick (23 February 2018). "How is the Lionfish Program Going?". UF/IFAS Extension Escambia County. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
- ^ "lionfish (Pterois volitans/miles) - Species Profile". nas.er.usgs.gov.
- ^ "Cichlasoma urophthalmum (Mayan cichlid)". www.cabi.org.
- ^ "Channa argus argus (northern snakehead)". www.cabi.org.
- ^ "Astronotus ocellatus (oscar)". www.cabi.org.
- ^ "Pike Killifish (Belonesox belizanus) - Species Profile". nas.er.usgs.gov.
- ^ "Tilapia mariae (spotted tilapia)". www.cabi.org.
- ^ "Clarias batrachus (walking catfish)". www.cabi.org.
- ^ "Acanthogobius flavimanus". www.cabi.org.
- ^ "Cyprinus carpio". Global Invasive Species Database.
- ^ "Cyprinus carpio". www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/aquatic/fish-and-other-vertebrates/asian-carp.
- ^ a b c d "Chouvenc, Thomas, Rudolf H. Scheffrahn, and Lyle Buss. "Termite Species Distribution in Florida and UF Termite Identification Services: ENY-2079/IN1360, 05/2022." EDIS 2022.3 (2022)". Retrieved 7 April 2024.
- ^ "List of invasive plant species" (PDF). Florida Exotic Pest Plant Council. 2013.
- ^ "2019 Plant list" (PDF). bugwoodcloud.org. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
- ^ "Florida Invasive Species Council Plant List 2023".
- ^ "Assessments - UF/IFAS Assessment - University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Science".
- ^ "Plant List - Florida Invasive Species Partnership".
- ^ Evans, Jason M. (2013). "Pistia stratiotes L. in the Florida Peninsula: Biogeographic Evidence and Conservation Implications of Native Tenure for an ′Invasive′ Aquatic Plant". Conservation and Society. 11 (3): 233. doi:10.4103/0972-4923.121026. ISSN 0972-4923.
- ^ "Invasive Species: Aquatic Species - Water Lettuce (Pistia stratiotes)". National Invasive Species Information Center. National Agricultural Library, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 22 March 2014.
- ^ "Pinellas Chapter FNPS -- Florida Native Plant Society".