Business and Commercial Courts

Add links
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Business courts)

Business Courts, sometimes referred to as Commercial Courts, are trial courts that primarily or exclusively adjudicate internal business disputes and/or commercial litigation between businesses, heard before specialist judges assigned to these courts.[1][2] Commercial Courts outside the United States may have broader or narrower jurisdiction than state trial level business and commercial courts within the United States, for example patent or admiralty jurisdiction[3]; and jurisdiction may vary between countries.[4]

Business and Commercial Courts in the United States[edit]

Business Courts in the United States have been established in approximately twenty-five states. In some cases, a state legislature may choose to create a business court by statute. In other cases, business courts have been established by judicial rule or order, at the state supreme court or trial court level.[5] Georgia created a statewide business court by constitutional amendment.[6]

In virtually all cases, the jurisdiction of the court to hear certain cases is limited to disputes that are in some way related to "business" or commercial disputes, and generally fall into two categories: (1) those courts which require that cases have an additional complexity component; and (2) those courts which establish jurisdictional parameters (i) through a defined list of case types (ii) combined with a specified minimum amount of damages in controversy, irrespective of complexity.[7]

In New York, for example, the trial level Supreme Court Commercial Division, following the case type and jurisdictional amount in controversy model, has jurisdiction over 12 listed case categories, such as breach of contract or Uniform Commercial Code claims, corporate internal affairs disputes, partnership law disputes, banking transaction matters, business torts, shareholder derivative actions, commercial class actions, and environmental or commercial insurance coverage disputes. By further rule, the Commercial Division expressly cannot hear a defined list of seven different categories of case types. Commercial Division Rule 202.70(a) sets out jurisdictional monetary thesholds, ranging from $50,000 in some counties to $500,000 in the Manhattan Commercial Division.[8] The Massachusetts Superior Court's Business Litigation Session (BLS) includes a jurisdictional list of case types, but instead of focusing on monetary thresholds as a gatekeeping mechanism, its governing directive provides for inclusion of listed case types only where "the BLS in the sound discretion of the BLS Administrative Justice, based principally on the complexity of the case and the need for substantial case management," selects a case for inclusion.[9]

There are mixed models as well, with some mandatory case type categories specifically listed and other types requiring an element of complexity. The Maryland Circuit Court's Business and Technology Case Management Program follows this mixed approach, including certain listed "presumptive" case types within the program's mandatory jurisdiction, while other case types must be judicially determined to present "commercial or technological issues of such a complex or novel nature that specialized treatment is likely to improve the administration of justice."[10] North Carolina's Business Court[11] has a mixed legislative model that includes, among other things, a large amount in controversy provision ($5,000,000) placing certain case types under the mandatory jurisdiction category that would otherwise be subject to an element of judicial discretion, and a category where the parties may consent to jurisdiction if other criteria are met,[12] as well as a relatively seldom used court rule allowing designated judges discretionary authority to assign a case to the Business Court's docket.[13]

The modern creation of specialized Business Courts in the United States began in the early 1990s,[14] and has expanded greatly in the last thirty years.[15] Business courts (which are often business programs or divisions within existing trial level courts) are operating in New York City and 10 other jurisdictions throughout New York State as the New York Supreme Court Commercial Division,[16] Chicago, North Carolina, New Jersey, Philadelphia and Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Reno and Las Vegas, Nevada, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Maryland, Orlando,[17] Miami, Ft. Lauderdale, and Tampa, Florida, Michigan,[18] Cincinatti,[19] Cleveland[20] and Toledo,[21] Ohio, Iowa, Maine, New Hampshire, Metro Atlanta regionally and Georgia Statewide, Delaware's Superior Court and Court of Chancery, Nashville, Tennessee,[22] Wisconsin,[23] Indiana,[24] Arizona, Kentucky,[25] South Carolina,[26] West Virginia,[27] and the Wyoming Chancery Court.[28] This mapshows states having business courts either statewide, in multiple counties or cities, or within a single major city or county, which is accurate through April 2023. In New York, Chicago, Philadelphia, Massachusetts,[29] North Carolina, South Carolina and New Jersey, among other states with business courts, the original programs have expanded by adding judges and/or by expanding into additional cities and counties.[30][31][32]

In 2023, Utah adopted legislation creating a statewide Business and Chancery Court, which will become operational in 2024.[33] On June 9, 2023, Texas' governor signed an Act into law creating a Business Court.[34] The new law became effective in September 2023, but the Business Court will not be open for cases until September 2024 at the earliest.[35] The Hamilton County, Ohio Court of Common Pleas had discontinued its Commercial Docket in 2017, but revived it effective March 1, 2024.[36]

Delaware's Court of Chancery, the pre-eminent court addressing intra-business disputes, has functioned as a business court of limited jurisdiction for a century.[37] However, its traditional equity jurisdiction has evolved and expanded since 2003 to include technology disputes (10 Del. C. § 346), some purely monetary commercial disputes (10 Del. C. § 347), and to expand its role in the alternative dispute resolution of business and commercial disputes. This includes the use of mediation (10 Del. C. § 347), Masters in Chancery to adjudicate matters (10 Del. C. § 350), and agreements to make decisions non-appealable (10 Del. C. § 351).[38]

California,[39][40] Connecticut,[41] Oregon, and Minnesota have created specialized courts or tracks for complex litigation,[42] tying specialization to process and case management rather than legal subject matter, which could include some complex business and commercial disputes among a broader array of subject matter case types. Minnesota General Rule of Practice 146.02 provides an example of the process oriented nature of these specialized tracks. California's complex litigation programs are not statewide, but includes at least the following Superior Courts: Alameda, Contra Costa,[43] Los Angeles,[44] Orange,[45] Riverside,[46] Sacramento,[47] San Francisco,[48] San Mateo,[49] and Santa Clara.[50] There is a sufficient relationship between these specialized complex litigation dockets and business courts that, for example, former Orange County Complex Litigation Program Judge Gail A. Andler is a past president of the American College of Business Court Judges (ACBCJ),[51][52] and a number of California's complex litigation judges, and Minnesota complex litigation Judge Jerome Abrams, have served as Business Court Representatives[53] to the American Bar Association's Section of Business Law. Judge Abrams is also a 2023-2024 Vice President of the ACBCJ.[54]

Other states are in various stages of moving toward or away from business or complex courts, with Colorado having conducted extensive studies over two decades ago into the merits and potential parameters of creating a business court on a broad basis,[55] which was not pursued, and later experimenting with a business court, the Civil Access Pilot Project, from 2012-2015; and Orlando, Florida having to move resources away from its Complex Business Litigation program into its family court,[56] though this program was restored in October 2019,[57] New Jersey expanding to a statewide business court track in 2015, after having only two counties with specialized commercial courts for 20 years,[58] and South Carolina's Business Court went from a regional pilot program and is now a permanent statewide program.[59] Milwaukee had a pilot business court program, implemented by the Milwaukee Circuit Court via local rule, that was little used and ended in 2009,[60] but Wisconsin's Supreme Court implemented a broader business court pilot program in 2017, which has expanded to a number of circuit courts and administrative districts throughout the state.[61] Oklahoma Statute §20-91.7 was enacted in 2004, authorizing the Supreme Court to create business court divisions in Tulsa and Oklahoma City,[62] but the Supreme Court has never chosen to do so; however, in 2024, Oklahoma's Governor has supported creation of business courts in Oklahoma.[63]

The American College of Business Court Judges was established in 2005.[64] The American Bar Association has played a significant role in the development of business courts.[65] The ABA Business Law Section has also created the Business Court Representative Program to include business and complex litigation judges in its community and educational programming. Since 1996, the Association of Corporate Counsel has similarly endorsed the creation of business courts in the United States where appropriate.[66]

International Business and Commercial Courts[edit]

Business and Commercial Courts exist internationally as well,[67][68][69] including, for example, the Business and Property Courts of England and Wales (encompassing 13 specialized courts or lists),[70] Toronto,[71] Quebec,[72] and Alberta,[73] Canada, Ireland,[74] Scotland,[75] Denmark, Netherlands,[76] Hong Kong, Belgium, Bermuda, Queensland[77] and Victoria, Australia,[78] New Zealand (Commercial Panel),[79] Northern Ireland,[80] Qatar,[81] Dubai,[82] Spain,[83][84][85] France (where the commercial courts are not divisions of other civil courts, but are autonomous[86]), Switzerland,[87][88] Austria,[89]Tanzania,[90] Rwanda,[91] Lesotho,[92] South Africa,[93] the British Virgin Islands,[94] St. Lucia,[95] Cayman Islands,[96] Guyana,[97] India,[98] Japan,[99][100]Malaysia,[101] Thailand,[102] Kenya,[103] Malawi,[104] Saudi Arabia,[105] and Croatia.[106]

New English language commercial courts have been created in Paris, Frankfurt, the Netherlands,[107][108][109] Stuttgart | Mannheim, Germany,[110] Singapore,[111]Abu Dhabi,[112] and Kazakhstan.[113] This reflects the growth in international commercial courts designed to hear disputes among parties from different nations.[114][115][116] The DIFC Courts in Dubai have had an English language international court for nearly two decades.[117] Some international commercial courts include foreign judges with commercial court experience on their bench,[118][119][120] for example, former Delaware Vice Chancellor and Supreme Court Justice Carolyn Berger serving on Singapore's International Commercial Court.[121]

The Business and Property Courts of England and Wales encompass 13 different courts or lists, for example, the Commercial Court, the Business List, the Circuit Commercial Court, the Technology and Construction Court, the Insolvency List, and the Intellectual Property Enterprise Court.

In 2023, 40% of Commercial Court cases, within the Business and Property Courts of England and Wales, involved opposing parties from different nations, and 64% involved a mix of UK parties and international parties.[122][123] There is a view that the more recently created commercial courts designed to hear disputes between parties of different nations will compete with the London based commercial courts as the preferred litigation forum for international commercial disputes.[124] In 2017, New York's Commercial Division added a "Large Complex Case List," modeled on the Business and Property Courts' Financial List for high stakes commercial litigation, as part of an overall effort to compete with the London based commercial courts as a preferred forum for international litigation.[125][126][127][128][129]

The jurisdictional scope of these international commercial courts[130] may have some differences with that of United States business and commercial courts. For example, the Business and Property Courts of England and Wales include specialized courts or lists for admiralty,[131] insolvency,[132] and patents,[133] which in the United States would typically be subject to jurisdiction in federal tribunals, such as the United States Bankruptcy Courts[134] or the United States District Courts, and not in specialized state trial level business courts. The scope of any commercial court's jurisdiction may vary between countries.[135]

The Standing International Forum of Commercial Courts was created in 2016.[136] In its 2023 policy resolution, the Association of Corporate Counsel recognizes and endorses the creation and support of business courts internationally, as well as in the United States.[137]

Technology Disputes & Cyber Courts[edit]

In the United States and internationally, "[t]he notion of specialized courts to decide technology disputes has a rich history with noteworthy milestones."[138]

Some states have established specialized business and commercial courts that include technology disputes as part of their express jurisdiction.[139] Through legislative effort and court rule, in 2003, Maryland established a Business and Technology Case Management Program. In May 2003, Delaware expanded the Court of Chancery's jurisdiction to include technology disputes, and the mediation of other kinds of business disputes (10 Del. C. §§ 346, 347).[140] West Virginia's Business Court Division Rule 24.09 expressly includes technology issues. The Davidson County, Tennessee Business Court Docket expressly encompasses technology and biotechnology licensing.[141] North Carolina's Business Court jurisdiction expressly includes computer software, information technology and systems, data and data system security, biotechnology and bioscience technology.[142] Under Michigan's statutes, MCL Sec. 600.8031(2)(b), business court jurisdiction includes business or commercial disputes "involving information technology, software, or website development, maintenance, or hosting...."[143] Wyoming Chancery Court Rule 2(b)(17) provides jurisdiction over disputes "concerning a digital asset registered under W.S. § 34‑29‑201 through 34‑29‑209[144]...."[145] New York Commercial Division Rule 202.70(b)(1), addressing that business court's jurisdiction, was amended in February 2024 to expressly include "technology transactions and/or commercial disputes involving or arising out of technology".[146] This amendment is intended to make clear the New York business court's experience in handling technology disputes, especially in light of the fact that "many of the business courts in other states have emphasized their jurisdiction over and experience with adjudicating technology disputes...."[147]

There are also examples of international courts expressly addressing technology disputes as part of their jurisdiction. The Practice Directions (Part XXIV) of Singapore's International Commercial Court include a Technology, Infrastructure, and Construction List.[148] In 2024, the Commercial Court, within Ireland's High Court, was in the process of developing "a specialist sub-list called the Intellectual Property and Technology List with specialist judges from the Commercial Court." The Victoria, Australia Commercial Court expressly includes jurisdiction over "Proceedings relating to technology, engineering and/or construction...."[149] The DIFC Courts Technology and Construction Division has jurisdiction over, among other things, "claims relating to the design, supply and/or installation of computers, computer software and related network and information technology systems and services...."[150]

Some jurisdictions emphasized the idea that newly created business courts would make use of cutting edge technologies in handling business litigation, becoming so-called "cyber courts."[151] For example, North Carolina's Business Court was an early proponent of electronic filing and high-tech courtrooms.[152] New York's Commercial Division created "Courtroom 2000" making various technologies available for use by the courts and parties, while also serving as "a technological laboratory" for later use in all of New York's state courts.[153] The use of technology in case management may be especially apt in international commercial courts, with litigation between parties from different nations.[154] For example, the ADGM Courts in Abu Dhabi self-describe as "the world's first end-to-end, fully digital courts platform...."[155]

Entities and Committees Involved in Developing and Maintaining Business Courts[edit]

The history of business and commercial courts in the United States provides considerable examples of task forces, advisory bodies, bar associations and other entities involved in their creation, development and refinement, and in providing education on their operations.

A number of business courts were created after studies carried out by task forces. For example, Maryland's General Assembly created a Business and Technology Court Task Force to study the feasibility of a specialized business and technology court in Maryland, that included judges, legislators, bar association members, and others from the business and academic communities.[156] With approval from South Carolina's Chief Justice, the South Carolina Bar created a Task Force on Courts, consisting of judges and lawyers, to study the creation of a specialized business court, among other tasks.[157] The Delaware Superior Court's President Judge "appointed a committee of nine lawyers ... to explore the management of complex and commercial litigation matters within the Court and to make recommendations about the handling of such matters...."[158] In 1994, North Carolina's Governor established the North Carolina Commission on Business Laws and the Economy, and North Carolina's Business Court was created after the Commission's 1995 report and recommendations.[159] In 1999, a Nevada Legislative Commission formed a Subcommittee to Encourage Corporations and Other Business Entities to Organize and Conduct Business in this State, that included a number of state legislators and legislative counsel, and an advisory committee including a deputy secretary of state, the president of the Nevada Business Journal, the chair of the State Bar's Business Law Section, and the deputy director of a commission on economic development.[160] Other examples of states creating task forces to study and make recommendations concerning the implementation of business courts include, among others, Michigan,[161] West Virginia,[162] Arizona,[163] Georgia,[164] Iowa,[165] New Jersey,[166] and Ohio.[167] The Texas Judicial Counsel's[168] Civil Justice Committee's 2022 Report and Recommendations recommended creating pilot business courts.[169]

Other groups have studied and reported on operations and practices in functioning business and commercial courts, to provide information and/or recommendations. In Massachusetts, Superior Court Chief Justice Suzanne V. DelVecchio appointed a body of lawyers with a variety of backgrounds to a Business Litigation Resource Committee, to report on the Suffolk Superior Court's Business Litigation Session.[170] The North Carolina Administrative Office of the Courts has submitted annual reports on the North Carolina Business Court for over 20 years.[171] Arizona's Supreme Court created the Commercial Court Review Committee to study and make recommendations concerning the Commercial Court docket in Phoenix.[172] Iowa's State Court Administration has made annual reviews of the Iowa Business Specialty Court as a pilot project and will make reports on the permanent business court.[173] Tennessee's Supreme Court created a Business Court Docket Advisory Commission[174] to study the ongoing operations and make recommendations concerning continuation of Tennessee's Business Court.[175] West Virginia's Business Court Division makes annual reports.[176] Wisconsin's Supreme Court created the Business Courts Advisory Committee ("consisting of judges, private attorneys, and administrative staff"), which was both involved in the 2017 creation of commercial dockets in Wisconsin, and in the expansion of, and practices in, the Commercial Docket Pilot Project.[177]

Some councils and committees take an active role in business courts' ongoing operations. In 2013, New York Court of Appeals Chief Judge Jonathan Lippman established the New York Commercial Division Advisory Council (CDAC) to implement recommendations for his earlier created Task Force on Commercial Litigation in the 21st Century.[178] The CDAC "is composed of distinguished commercial practitioners and Judges from around the state and [has been] chaired by Robert L. Haig, Esq. [since its inception]."[179][180] In addition to providing education about the Commercial Division,[181] the CDAC has regularly recommended Commercial Division rule changes that have been adopted after an opportunity for public comment.[182][183][184][185]

The Philadelphia Bar Association's Business Litigation Committee plays a role in selecting lawyers as Judges Pro Tempore to serve as court appointed neutrals and mediators in Philadelphia Commerce Court cases,[186] as well as working with the Commerce Court in other ways.[187] The Boston Bar Association's Business and Commercial Litigation Section holds an annual event, "Business Litigation Session[188] Year in Review", where the bar can hear directly from Business Litigation Session judges.[189] The Florida Bar's Business Law Section has a Business Courts Task Force.[190] The Ohio State Bar Association's Corporation Law Committee urged a detailed resolution to expand the Commercial Docket statewide.[191] The Kentucky Bar Association's Business Law Section put on programming about Kentucky's newly established business court.[192][193]

Indiana provides an example where essentially the same advisory entity has addressed all aspects of adjunct support to create and maintain a business court. The Commercial Courts Working Group began in 2014 as a project headed by Superior Court Judges Heather Welch and Craig Bobay, who recruited judges, lawyers and academics to work on creating commercial courts in Indiana. In 2015, Indiana's Supreme Court formalized the group, after which it evolved into a broader membership, tasked with answering specific questions and carrying out specific functions toward the possible implementation of commercial courts. A pilot commercial court program was created in 2016, and the Working Group was then tasked with studying and improving the ongoing commercial court.[194] In 2019, the pilot commercial courts were made permanent and the Working Group was replaced by the Commercial Courts Committee, which was to provide future guidance on the Commercial Courts, consisting of one judge from each Superior Court Commercial Court, litigators representing small and large businesses, transactional attorneys representing small and large businesses, in-house counsel representing small and large businesses, other commercial litigation attorneys, one or more legislative representatives, one or more members of the Chamber of Commerce, and one or more law professors in relevant subject matter.[195]

Private entities have also carried out implementation or operational studies at the behest of courts, for example, the Institute for the Advancement of the American Legal System[196] studies and reports for Colorado's pilot business courts (Civil Access Pilot Project),[197] the National Center for State Courts Commercial Court Evaluation for the Superior Court of Arizona in Maricopa County[198] and its study of civil programs in Philadelphia's Court of Common Pleas (including its Commerce Court),[199] a private firm study to create a business court in Atlanta (Fulton County Superior Court),[200] and a good government group's (The Committee of Seventy) study of Philadelphia's Commerce Case Management Program.[201] The National Center for State Courts, working with the Tennessee Administrative Office of the Courts, also has developed a curriculum and faculty guide for creating business courts.[202]

Business Courts and Alternative Dispute Resolution[edit]

The significant relationship between business courts and Alternative Dispute Resolution, such as mediation, neutral evaluation,[203] and arbitration, is well recognized, both in seeing business courts as a competitor forum with arbitration, and in using ADR as a complementary adjunct to the litigation process..[204][205][206][207][208] Thus, for example, New York Commercial Division Rule 3 allows for court appointed mediators and neutral evaluators,[209] the enabling order for Philadelphia's Commerce Case Management Program creates an alternative dispute resolution program utilizing Judges Pro Tempore within court mandated settlement conferences, and discretionary referrals to private mediation,[186], North Carolina Business Court Rule 11 addresses mandatory mediation,[210] and Florida's Ninth Judicial Circuit Business Court Procedures, Section 8, requires mandatory ADR for each case, and addresses non-binding arbitration as well as mediation.[211] The Business and Property Courts of England and Wales Commercial Court Guide, Section G, addresses "Negotiated Dispute Resolution" (NDR), including mediation, conciliation, direct negotiations between party representatives, and early neutral evaluation.[212] Some business courts expressly encourage the use of special masters or referees in expediting some types of decision making during the litigation process.[213][214]

The New York Commercial Division and the Metro Atlanta Business Case Division are empowered to hear court-based disputes concerning international arbitration proceedings.[215][216]

Appellate Business and Commercial Courts[edit]

In 2023, Texas passed a law creating an appellate level business court, the Fifteenth Court of Appeals, which will not become operational until September 2024, at the earliest.[217] Once operational, it would become the first specialized appellate level business court in the United States.[218] On February 6, 2024, the Texas Supreme Court approved a preliminary set of appellate rules for this new court, subject to public comment (which closed on May 1, 2024).[219] Pennsylvania earlier passed a law, in 2020, encouraging the Superior Court of Pennsylvania to create a specialized appellate Commerce Court,[220] but that intermediate appellate court has not done so. Other appellate courts have been described as commercial or business courts, not by design, but in reference to their actual case work, such as the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit,[221] and the Delaware Supreme Court.[222] India's Commercial Courts, Commercial Division and Commercial Appellate Division of High Courts Act includes provisions for specialized commercial appellate divisions.[223][224]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Mitchell L. Bach & Lee Applebaum. "A History of the Creation and Jurisdiction of Business Courts in the Last Decade, 60 Business Lawyer 147 (2004)" (PDF).
  2. ^ "Range of Commercial Court disputes". Courts and Tribunals Judiciary. Retrieved 2024-05-02.
  3. ^ "The Business and Property Courts". GOV.UK. Retrieved 2024-05-02.
  4. ^ Asian Bank. "Commercial Courts: Exploring Key Models (2022)" (PDF).
  5. ^ Mitchell L. Bach & Lee Applebaum. "A History of the Creation and Jurisdiction of Business Courts in the Last Decade, 60 Business Lawyer 147 (2004)" (PDF).
  6. ^ "Georgia State-wide Business Court, History".
  7. ^ "Mitchell L. Bach & Lee Applebaum, A History of the Creation and Jurisdiction of Business Courts in the Last Decade, 60 Business Lawyer 147 (2004)" (PDF).
  8. ^ "New York Commercial Division Rule 202.70(a)" (PDF).
  9. ^ "Superior Court Administrative Directive No. 24.1 (April 5, 2024)".
  10. ^ "Maryland Court Rule 16-308(c)".
  11. ^ "Business Court | North Carolina Judicial Branch". www.nccourts.gov. Retrieved 2024-05-02.
  12. ^ "NCGS § 7A‑45.4". www.ncleg.net. Retrieved 2024-05-02.
  13. ^ "Rule 2.1 of the General Rules of Practice for the Superior and District Courts" (PDF).
  14. ^ Mitchell L. Bach & Lee Applebaum, A History of the Creation and Jurisdiction of Business Courts in the Last Decade, 60 Business Lawyer 147 (2004).
  15. ^ Lee Applebaum, "The Steady Growth of Business Courts, National Center for State Courts, Future Trends in State Courts (2011).
  16. ^ "Commercial Division - NY Supreme Court - Home". www.nycourts.gov. Retrieved 2019-02-28.
  17. ^ "Ninth CIrcuit Business Court".
  18. ^ "Michigan Business Courts: Local and National Lessons – Business Courts Blog". 17 January 2019. Retrieved 2019-03-03.
  19. ^ "Court of Common Pleas of Hamilton County Ohio, Local Rule 48" (PDF).
  20. ^ "Cuyahoga County Commercial Docket".
  21. ^ "Lucas County, Ohio Court of Common Pleas Rule 5.08".
  22. ^ "Tennessee's Business Court as a Model for Creating New Business Courts – Business Courts Blog". 12 February 2019. Retrieved 2019-03-03.
  23. ^ "Wisconsin Commercial Docket Pilot Project".
  24. ^ "Indiana's Supreme Court Makes Commercial Courts Permanent, and Establishes a Standing Commercial Court Committee – Business Courts Blog". 23 May 2019. Retrieved 2019-05-29.
  25. ^ Kentucky Court of Justice. "Business Court Docket in Jefferson County (Louisville)".
  26. ^ "South Carolina Business Court".
  27. ^ "West Virginia Business Case Division".
  28. ^ "Wyoming Chancery Court".
  29. ^ "Boston Business Litigation Session's Evolution from Local to Regional to Statewide Business Court – Business Courts Blog". 11 February 2019. Retrieved 2019-03-17.
  30. ^ Mitchell L. Bach & Lee Applebaum, A History of the Creation and Jurisdiction of Business Courts in the Last Decade, 60 Business Lawyer 147 (2004).
  31. ^ The ABA Section of Business Law's Committee on Business and Corporate Litigation annually publishes Recent Developments in Business and Corporate Litigation. Since 2004, this book has included a chapter on business courts, which describes changes and developments in business courts since that time to the present.
  32. ^ "Administrative Order 2017-02-08-02, In Re: Amended Business Court Pilot Program, Supreme Court of South Carolina". Retrieved 2019-03-04.
  33. ^ "Utah House Bill 216".
  34. ^ Francis, Bob (June 14, 2023). "Business court system has support but could face challenges".
  35. ^ "Texas HB19 | 2023-2024 | 88th Legislature". LegiScan. Retrieved 2023-06-16.
  36. ^ "Court of Common Pleas Hamilton County Local Rule 48" (PDF).
  37. ^ "New Jersey Complex Business Litigation Program's New Rules, Guidelines, and Model Forms – Business Courts Blog". 26 February 2019. Retrieved 2019-03-03.
  38. ^ Title 10, Delaware Code, Courts and Judicial Procedures
  39. ^ Paula L. Hannaford-Agor, Nicole L. Mott & Timothy F. Fautsko. "EVALUATION OF THE CENTERS FOR COMPLEX CIVIL LITIGATION PILOT PROGRAM, Final Report, National Center for State Courts and California Administrative Office of the Courts (June 30, 2003)" (PDF).
  40. ^ National Center for State Courts. "Complex Litigation: Key Findings from the California Pilot Program, Civil Action Vol. 3 Issue 1 (Winter 2004)".
  41. ^ Connecticut, Special Sessions of the Superior Court. "Complex Litigation Docket".
  42. ^ Hannaford-Agor, Paula L. "Focus on Business and Complex Litigation Courts, Civil Action Vol. 1 Issue 1 (National Center for State Courts Aug. 2000)". ncsc.contentdm.oclc.org. Retrieved 2024-05-04.
  43. ^ Superior Court of California, Contra Costa County. "Complex Litigation".
  44. ^ Superior Court of California, County of Los Angeles. "Complex Civil Litigation Program".
  45. ^ Superior Court of California, County of Orange. "Complex Civil".
  46. ^ Superior Court of California, County of Riverside. "Complex Litigation Department" (PDF).
  47. ^ Superior Court of California, County of Sacramento. "Complex Civil Cases".
  48. ^ Superior Court of California, County of San Francisco. "Complex Civil Litigation".
  49. ^ Superior Court of California, County of San Mateo. "Complex Civil Litigation".
  50. ^ Superior Court of California, County of Santa Clara. "Complex Civil Litigation".
  51. ^ "American College of Business Court Judges – Law & Economics Center". masonlec.org. Retrieved 2024-05-04.
  52. ^ "New Ideas in Civil Case Management from Two California Complex Litigation Program Judges – Business Courts Blog". 2023-06-27. Retrieved 2024-05-04.
  53. ^ "American Bar Association Business Law Section, Business Court Representatives".
  54. ^ "American College of Business Court Judges – Law & Economics Center". masonlec.org. Retrieved 2024-05-04.
  55. ^ "Some Business Court History: Colorado 2000 (and Later Business Court Efforts) – Business Courts Blog". 2019-04-23. Retrieved 2024-05-04.
  56. ^ Lotan, Gal Tziperman (26 October 2017). "Orange-Osceola courts will close business division to bolster family court". OrlandoSentinel.com. Retrieved 2019-02-28.
  57. ^ "Florida's Ninth Judicial Circuit Business Court to Reopen on October 21, 2019 – Business Courts Blog". 15 October 2019. Retrieved 2020-01-25.
  58. ^ "New Jersey Complex Business Litigation Program's New Rules, Guidelines, and Model Forms – Business Courts Blog". 26 February 2019. Retrieved 2019-02-28.
  59. ^ "South Carolina's "Business Court Pilot Program" becomes the "Business Court Program" – Business Courts Blog". 5 February 2019. Retrieved 2019-02-28.
  60. ^ "In re Creation of a Pilot Program for Dedicated Circuit Court Judicial Dockets for Large Claim Business and Commercial Cases" (PDF).
  61. ^ "Wisconsin Court System - For attorneys - Commercial Docket Pilot Project". www.wicourts.gov. Retrieved 2024-05-03.
  62. ^ "Oklahoma Statutes, Title 20, Courts" (PDF).
  63. ^ Dobberstein, John (2024-03-14). "Gov. Stitt pushes for creation of 'business courts' in Oklahoma". Broken Arrow Sentinel. Retrieved 2024-05-06.
  64. ^ "American College of Business Court Judges".
  65. ^ Yates, Hon. Christopher P. "The ABA's Contribution to the Development of Business Courts in the United States, 75 Business Lawyer 2077 (2020)" (PDF).
  66. ^ Association of Corporate Counsel. "Business Courts" (PDF).
  67. ^ Asian Development Bank. "Commercial Courts: Exploring Key Models (2022)" (PDF).
  68. ^ "Lee Applebaum and Cory Manning, Specialized Business and Commercial Courts Around the Globe: A Summary World View, American Bar Association (Spring 2009)" (PDF).
  69. ^ Ralph Peeple and Hanne Nyheim. "Beyond the Borders: An International Perspective on Business Courts, Business Law Today, Vol. 17, No. 4 (March/April 2008)" (PDF).
  70. ^ "The Business and Property Courts - GOV.UK". www.gov.uk. Retrieved 2019-02-28.
  71. ^ "Commercial List | Superior Court of Justice". Retrieved 2019-03-03.
  72. ^ "Superior Court of Québec -- Commercial Division – General Rules". www.tribunaux.qc.ca. Retrieved 2019-03-03.
  73. ^ "Commercial List".
  74. ^ "Commercial Court".
  75. ^ "Commercial Actions". www.scotcourts.gov.uk. Retrieved 2019-03-03.
  76. ^ Kroeze, Martin (March 30, 2007). "The Dutch Companies and Business Court as a Specialized Court".
  77. ^ "Supreme Court of Queensland, Practice Direction No 1 of 2023, Commercial List" (PDF).
  78. ^ Supreme Court of Victoria. "Commercial Court".
  79. ^ "How cases are heard". Courts of New Zealand. Retrieved 2024-05-03.
  80. ^ Northern Ireland (29 November 2017). "Commercial Lists".
  81. ^ Qatar. "International Court and Dispute Resolution Center".
  82. ^ UK-UAE Trade ties strengthened through memorandum between Commercial Courts (24/01/2013)
  83. ^ "Lee Applebaum and Cory Manning, Specialized Business and Commercial Courts Around the Globe: A Summary World View, American Bar Association (Spring 2009)" (PDF).
  84. ^ "European e-Justice Portal - National specialised courts". e-justice.europa.eu. Retrieved 2024-05-03.
  85. ^ "Spain sets up new commercial courts for IP matters". www.worldtrademarkreview.com. Retrieved 2024-05-03.
  86. ^ Asian Development Bank. "Commercial Courts: Exploring Key Models (2022)" (PDF).
  87. ^ "SWITZERLAND: An Introduction to Litigation Law | Chambers and Partners". chambers.com. Retrieved 2024-05-03.
  88. ^ "Introduction of international commercial courts in Switzerland". www.ibanet.org. Retrieved 2024-04-29.
  89. ^ "General information about civil proceedings". oesterreich.gv.at - Österreichs digitales Amt. Retrieved 2024-05-06.
  90. ^ "High Court Commercial Division - TanzLII". tanzlii.org. Retrieved 2024-04-27.
  91. ^ "Case study on Building specialized commercial courts in Rwanda". World Bank. Retrieved 2024-05-02.
  92. ^ "Commercial Division - 2024 - LesLII". lesotholii.org. Retrieved 2024-05-02.
  93. ^ "Revised Commercial Court Practice Directive". 2022-06-03. Retrieved 2024-05-02.
  94. ^ "Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court Civil Procedure Rules, Parts 69 and 70 Commercial Division Rules (Territory of the Virgin Islands)" (PDF).
  95. ^ "Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court Rules of Civil Procedure, Part 71 (Commercial Division of St. Lucia)" (PDF).
  96. ^ "Financial Services Division – Cayman Islands Judicial & Legal Website | An official website of the Cayman Islands Government". Retrieved 2024-05-03.
  97. ^ Guyana Supreme of Judicature. "Annual Report 2016 (page 9)" (PDF).
  98. ^ "Simplifying The Commercial Courts Act, 2015 - Contracts and Commercial Law - India". www.mondaq.com. Retrieved 2024-04-29.
  99. ^ President of the Tokyo District Court Hiraki Masahiro. "Opening of the Business Court (Oct. 2022)" (PDF).
  100. ^ "Japan's 1st 'Business Court' launched in Tokyo in bid to accrue knowledge". Mainichi Daily News. 2022-10-11. Retrieved 2024-04-25.
  101. ^ "Commercial Division, State of Kuala Lumpur".
  102. ^ "Intellectual Property and International Trade Court in Thailand | Thailand Courts". www.thailandcourt.com. 2023-06-09. Retrieved 2024-05-06.
  103. ^ "NCAJ Launches Business Court Users Committee". Soko Directory. 2015-11-12. Retrieved 2024-05-06.
  104. ^ "High Court of Malawi Commercial Division".
  105. ^ Albaheth, Hamza E. "The new Saudi Commercial Courts and Their Jurisdiction over Different Commercial Disputes: Do These new Courts have the Jurisdiction over all Traders' Disputes?, International Journal of Innovation, Creativity, and Change, Vol. 8, Issue 2 (2019)" (PDF).
  106. ^ "European e-Justice Portal - National specialised courts". e-justice.europa.eu. Retrieved 2024-05-02.
  107. ^ Ruehl, Giesela (2018-06-05). "Doors open for First Hearing of International Chamber at Paris Court of Appeal". Conflict of Laws. Retrieved 2019-02-28.
  108. ^ "Chamber for International Commercial Disputes". Ordentliche Gerichtsbarkeit Hessen (in German). 2018-08-01. Retrieved 2019-02-28.
  109. ^ "Netherlands Commercial Court". Netherlands Commercial Court. Retrieved 2019-02-28.
  110. ^ "Commercial Court Stuttgart | Mannheim".
  111. ^ Singapore. "Singapore International Commercial Court".
  112. ^ "ADGM Courts".
  113. ^ Kazakhstan. "Astana International Financial Centre Court".
  114. ^ Gu, Weixia; Tam, Jacky (2022-04-04), The Global Rise of International Commercial Courts: Typology and Power Dynamics (SSRN Scholarly Paper), Rochester, NY, SSRN 4074819, retrieved 2024-04-25{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  115. ^ "Brexit: Europe sees emergence of specialist commercial courts to compete with the UK". www.ibanet.org. Retrieved 2024-04-25.
  116. ^ Shahar Avraham-Giller & Rabeea Assy. "How Can International Commercial Courts Become an Attractive Option for the Resolution of International Commercial Disputes?, Journal of Dispute Resolution Vol. 2023, Issue 2, Article 6".
  117. ^ "Law No.12 of 2004 in respect of The Judicial Authority at Dubai International Financial Centre as amended" (PDF).
  118. ^ Yip Man & Giesela Rühl. "Success and Impact of International Commercial Courts: A First Assessment, Yearbook of Private International Law, Yong Pung How School of Law (posted Dec. 20, 2023)". SSRN 4652802.
  119. ^ "Former U.S. and Australian Judges Appointed to Singapore International Commercial Court – Business Courts Blog". 2024-01-12. Retrieved 2024-05-01.
  120. ^ Dubai, TenTwenty | Webdesign, Webshops & E.-marketing |. "DIFC Courts | Judges". DIFC Courts. Retrieved 2024-05-02.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  121. ^ "PMO Press Release: Appointments/reappointments to the Singapore International Commercial Court". Default. Retrieved 2024-05-02.
  122. ^ Ministry of Justice. "The Business and Property Courts of England and Wales, Cases Issued by List (Powerpoint 2024)" (PDF).
  123. ^ "Range of Commercial Court disputes". Courts and Tribunals Judiciary. Retrieved 2024-05-02.
  124. ^ Bookman, Pamela K. (2021-05-18). "The London Commercial Court in global context". Portland. Retrieved 2024-04-29.
  125. ^ "Commercial Division Advisory Council's Subcommittee on Procedural Rules to Promote Efficient Case Resolution: Proposal for a "Large Complex Case List" for Complex, High Stakes Matters in the Commercial Division (March 3, 2017)" (PDF).
  126. ^ Hon. Deborah A. Kaplan. "Administrative Order (July 31, 2018)" (PDF).
  127. ^ Hon. Barry R. Ostrager (7 May 2020). "New York's Commercial Division: The Premier Forum for the Resolution of International Business Disputes, NYSBA Journal (May 7, 2020)".
  128. ^ "International Commercial Litigation In New York - Contracts and Commercial Law - United States". www.mondaq.com. Retrieved 2024-05-02.
  129. ^ "Final Report of the New York State Bar Association's Task Force on New York Law in International Matters (June 25, 2011)" (PDF).
  130. ^ Asian Development Bank. "Commercial Courts: Exploring Key Models (2022)" (PDF).
  131. ^ "Admiralty Court". GOV.UK. Retrieved 2024-04-29.
  132. ^ "Insolvency List". GOV.UK. Retrieved 2024-04-29.
  133. ^ "Patents Court". GOV.UK. Retrieved 2024-04-29.
  134. ^ Ronald S. Gellert. "The Untold Story of the Bankruptcy Courts: A Positive Resource for Business, Business Law Today, Vol. 17, No. 4 (March/April 2008)" (PDF).
  135. ^ Asian Bank. "Commercial Courts: Exploring Key Models (2022)" (PDF).
  136. ^ Standing International Forum of Commercial Courts. "About Us".
  137. ^ Campbell, Brian (2024-04-05). "ACC's Evolving Commercial Courts Leadership". ACC Docket. Retrieved 2024-04-28.
  138. ^ Lawrence M. Sung. "Strangers in a Strange Land: Specialized courts resolving patent disputes, Business Law Today, Vol. 17, No. 4 (March/April 2008)" (PDF).
  139. ^ Jacob A. Sommer, Business Litigation and Cyberspace: Will Cyber Courts Prove and Effective Tool for Luring High-Tech Business Into Forum States, 56 Vanderbilt Law Review 561 (2003)
  140. ^ Title 10, Delaware Code, Courts and Judicial Procedures
  141. ^ "Tennessee Business Court Docket Guidelines Phase 2" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-01-25.
  142. ^ "N.C.G.S. § 7A‑45.4. Designation of complex business cases".
  143. ^ "MCL - Section 600.8031 - Michigan Legislature". legislature.mi.gov. Retrieved 2024-04-28.
  144. ^ Kurtin, Kurtin PLLC-Owen D. (2022-01-18). "Wyoming's Digital Assets Law and How to Use it". Lexology. Retrieved 2024-05-03.
  145. ^ "Wyoming Rules of Civil Procedure for the Chancery Court" (PDF).
  146. ^ "Administrative Order of the Chief Administrative Judge of the Courts (New York)" (PDF). February 14, 2024.
  147. ^ "Memorandum regarding Request for Public Comment on Amending 22 NYCRR § 202.70(b)(1) to Add a Reference to Technology in the Description of Commercial Cases" (PDF). October 5, 2023.
  148. ^ "Singapore Internataional Commercial Court Practice Directions (Part XXIV)" (PDF).
  149. ^ "Commercial Court". The Supreme Court of Victoria. Retrieved 2024-04-28.
  150. ^ "DIFC Courts | Part 56, Technology and Construction Division Rules". DIFC Courts. Retrieved 2024-05-04.
  151. ^ Sommer, Jacob (2003-03-01). "Business Litigation and Cyberspace: Will Cyber Courts Prove an Effective Tool for Luring High-Tech Business into Forum States?". Vanderbilt Law Review. 56 (2): 561.
  152. ^ Hon. Ben F. Tennille and Corrine B. Jones. "Developments and the North Carolina Business Court, Future Trends in State Courts 90 (National Center for State Courts 2010)".
  153. ^ "Courtroom for the New Millennium | NYCOURTS.GOV". ww2.nycourts.gov. Retrieved 2024-04-29.
  154. ^ Ortolani, Pietro (2022), Dimitropoulos, Georgios; Brekoulakis, Stavros (eds.), "The Use of Technology at International Commercial Courts", International Commercial Courts: The Future of Transnational Adjudication, Studies on International Courts and Tribunals, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 335–360, ISBN 978-1-316-51925-7, retrieved 2024-04-29
  155. ^ "ADGM Courts, Digital Approach".
  156. ^ "Maryland Business and Technology Court Task Force Report, Created by House Bill 15, Chapter 10 of the Maryland Acts of 2000" (PDF).
  157. ^ [Report of the South Carolina Bar’s Task Force on Courts re: The Creation of a Business Court Pilot Program "Report of the South Carolina Bar's Task Force on Courts re: The Creation of a Business Court Pilot Program (August 1, 2007)"]. {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help)
  158. ^ "Special Committee on Superior Court Business/Complex Litigation, Report and Recommendations (June 2, 2009)" (PDF).
  159. ^ "North Carolina General Rule of Practice for the Superior and District Courts 2.2, Comment" (PDF).
  160. ^ "Minutes of the Meeting of the Legislative Commission's Subcommittee to Encourage Business Corporations and Other Business Entities to Organize and Conduct Business in this State, Las Vegas (November 19, 1999)".
  161. ^ "State Bar of Michigan Judicial Crossroads Task Force, Report of the Business Impact Committee, Meeting Minutes" (PDF).
  162. ^ West Virginia Independent Commission on Judicial Reform. "Final Report (November 15, 2009)" (PDF).
  163. ^ "Supreme Court of Arizona Business Court Advisory Committee, Report to the Arizona Judicial Council (December 11, 2014)" (PDF).
  164. ^ "State of Georgia Court Reform Council, submitted to Governor Nathan Deal (November 20, 2017)" (PDF).
  165. ^ "Reforming the Iowa Civil Justice System, Report of the Iowa Civil Justice Reform Task Force (November 30, 2012)" (PDF).
  166. ^ "REPORT OF THE WORKING GROUP ON BUSINESS LITIGATION (March 2014)" (PDF).
  167. ^ "Report and Recommendation of the Supreme Court of Ohio Task Force on Commercial Dockets (December 2011)" (PDF).
  168. ^ "TJB | TJC | Members". www.txcourts.gov. Retrieved 2024-05-07.
  169. ^ "Texas Judicial Council Civil Justice Committee, Report and Recommendations 2022" (PDF).
  170. ^ "Business Litigation Resource Committee, The Business Litigation Session in the Massachusetts Superior Court: A Status Report (February 2033)" (PDF).
  171. ^ North Carolina Administrative Office of the Courts. "Report on the North Carolina Business Court (February 1, 2024)" (PDF).
  172. ^ "Commercial Court Review Committee, Report to the Arizona Judicial Council (June 18, 2018)" (PDF).
  173. ^ "Iowa Business Specialty Court". www.iowacourts.gov. Retrieved 2024-05-07.
  174. ^ "Business Court Docket Advisory Commission | Tennessee Administrative Office of the Courts". www.tncourts.gov. Retrieved 2024-05-07.
  175. ^ "Tennessee Supreme Court Endorses Recommendations of the Statewide Business Court Docket Advisory Commission | Tennessee Administrative Office of the Courts". www.tncourts.gov. Retrieved 2024-05-07.
  176. ^ "West Virginia Business Court Division Annual Reports".
  177. ^ "Wisconsin Court System - For attorneys - Commercial Docket Pilot Project". www.wicourts.gov. Retrieved 2024-05-07.
  178. ^ Hon. Gail A. Prudenti, Chief Administrative Judge. "Chief Judge Names Members of Commercial Division Advisory Council, Press Release (March 26, 2013)" (PDF).
  179. ^ "Commercial Division - NY Supreme Court, History".
  180. ^ "Robert L. Haig". Kelley Drye & Warren LLP. 2023-09-25. Retrieved 2024-05-07.
  181. ^ "New York Commercial Division Advisory Council Lecture Series – Business Courts Blog". 2024-01-23. Retrieved 2024-05-07.
  182. ^ "New York Commercial Division Rule Change Adds Clearer Definition to Motion in Limine Practice – Business Courts Blog". 2023-05-19. Retrieved 2024-05-07.
  183. ^ "Seven 2022 New York Commercial Division Posts Re: (1) ESI (2) Discovery Overhaul (3) Benefits of Commercial Division (4) Unnecessary Adjournments; Pleading Practice (5) Virtual Hearings and Bench Trials (6) Motions in Limine and (7) Video Deposition Objections; Pre-Marking Exhibits – Business Courts Blog". 2023-01-06. Retrieved 2024-05-07.
  184. ^ "New York Commercial Division Adopts Rule Establishing Mandatory Settlement Conferences – Business Courts Blog". 2022-01-19. Retrieved 2024-05-07.
  185. ^ "New York Commercial Division Rule and Protocols Governing Remote Depositions goes into Effect on December 15, 2021 – Business Courts Blog". 2021-12-14. Retrieved 2024-05-07.
  186. ^ a b "IN THE COURT COMMON PLEAS FIRST JUDICIAL DISTRICT OF PENNSYLVANIA TRIAL DIVISION – CIVIL Administrative Docket No. 01 of 2016 In re: Commerce Case Management Program - Revised" (PDF).
  187. ^ "Business Litigation Committee". philadelphiabar.org. Retrieved 2024-05-07.
  188. ^ "Superior Court Business Litigation Session | Mass.gov". www.mass.gov. Retrieved 2024-05-07.
  189. ^ "Business and Commercial Litigation". Boston Bar Association. Retrieved 2024-05-07.
  190. ^ "Business Courts Task Force". Business Law Section of The Florida Bar. Retrieved 2024-05-07.
  191. ^ "Ohio State Bar Association, Council of Delegates Meeting, Report of the Corporation Law Committee, p. 37 (May 10, 2019)" (PDF).
  192. ^ "Business Courts: They Are Coming To Kentucky (Part I) (June 14, 2019)" (PDF).
  193. ^ "Business Courts: They Are Coming To Kentucky (Part II) (June 14, 2019)" (PDF).
  194. ^ "Indiana Commercial Courts Handbook, History of the Indiana Commercial Court, pp. 6-9 (January 31, 2023)" (PDF).
  195. ^ "In re Indiana Commercial Courts, Supreme Court Case No. 19S-MS-295 (May 16, 2019)" (PDF).
  196. ^ "Homepage | IAALS". iaals.du.edu. Retrieved 2024-05-07.
  197. ^ "Colorado Civil Access Pilot Project | IAALS". iaals.du.edu. Retrieved 2024-05-07.
  198. ^ Hannaford-Agor, Paula. "Superior Court of Arizona in Maricopa County, Commercial Court Evaluation, Final Report (December 2018)" (PDF).
  199. ^ David C. Steelman & Richard Van Duizend. "Civil Programs in the Philadelphia Court of Common Pleas, Final Report, National Center for State Courts (September 2004)" (PDF).
  200. ^ Aequitas. "Georgia Business Court Feasibility Study – The Way Forward and Best Practices in Other States (2002)". Tim Dibble & Geoff Gallas, Best Practices in U.S. Business Courts, Court Manager, Vol. 19 Issue 2 (2004).
  201. ^ "The Committee of Seventy, Study and Analysis of the Philadelphia Commerce Program (January 2005)" (PDF).
  202. ^ "National Center for State Courts and Tennessee AOC have Developed a Training Curriculum and Faculty Guide for Business Courts – Business Courts Blog". 2020-10-26. Retrieved 2024-05-07.
  203. ^ "Early Neutral Evaluation (ENE) | United States District Court, Northern District of California". Retrieved 2024-04-30.
  204. ^ "ADR Rules in Business Courts – Business Courts Blog". 2023-05-22. Retrieved 2024-04-30.
  205. ^ Tennille, Bejamin; Applebaum, Lee; Nees, Anne (2012-02-23). "Getting to Yes in Specialized Courts: The Unique Role of ADR in Business Court Cases". Pepperdine Dispute Resolution Law Journal. 11 (1). ISSN 1536-3090.
  206. ^ Christopher R. Drahozal, Business Courts and the Future of Arbitration, 10 Cardozo Journal of Conflict Resolution 491 (2009)
  207. ^ Hon. John C. Foster, Richard L. Hurford & Douglas L. Toering. "Business Courts, Arbitration, and Pre-Suit Mediation: A Modest Proposal for the Strategic Resolution of Business Disputes, Michigan Business Law Journal 21, Vol. 34, Issue 3 (Fall 2015)" (PDF).
  208. ^ Antonopoulou, Georgia. "The 'Arbitralization' of Courts: The Role of International Commercial Arbitration in the Establishment and the Procedural Design of International Commercial Courts, Journal of International Dispute Settlement, Volume 14, Issue 3, September 2023, Pages 328–349". academic.oup.com. Retrieved 2024-05-02.
  209. ^ "PART 202. Uniform Civil Rules For The Supreme Court & The County Court | NYCOURTS.GOV". ww2.nycourts.gov. Retrieved 2024-04-30.
  210. ^ "North Carolina Business Court Rule 11" (PDF).
  211. ^ "Florida Ninth Judicial Circuit Business Court Procedures" (PDF).
  212. ^ "The Business and Property Courts of England and Wales, Commercial Courts Guide (11th ed. Revised 2023)" (PDF).
  213. ^ "Kentucky Business Court Rule 5.1, Special Master or Discovery Referee" (PDF).
  214. ^ "Administrative Order of the Chief Administrative Judge of the Courts (New York)" (PDF). February 14, 2024.
  215. ^ "New Justice Assigned to Hear Commercial Division's International Arbitration Matters". JD Supra. Retrieved 2024-05-01.
  216. ^ "Article on the Development of International Commercial Courts – Business Courts Blog". 2019-06-05. Retrieved 2024-05-01.
  217. ^ "Texas HB19 | 2023-2024 | 88th Legislature". LegiScan. Retrieved 2024-05-06.
  218. ^ "Texas Passes Business Court Legislation Creating Statewide Trial Level and Appellate Business Courts – Business Courts Blog". 2023-05-25. Retrieved 2024-05-05.
  219. ^ Supreme Court of Texas Misc. Docket No. 24-9005. "Preliminary Approval of Amendments to the Texas Rules of Appellate Procedure Related to the Fifteenth Court of Appeals" (PDF).{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  220. ^ "Commerce Court Program 42 Pa.C.S. § 743".
  221. ^ Richard A. Booth. "Symposium on the Seventh Circuit as a Commercial Court: Forward: The Seventh Circuit as a Commercial Court, 65 Chicago-Kent Law Review 667 (1989)".
  222. ^ Hon. Donald F. Parsons, Jr. & Hon. Joseph R. Slights III. "The History of Delaware's Business Courts - their rise to preeminence, Business Law Today, Vol. 17 No. 4 (March/April 2008)" (PDF).
  223. ^ Bench, Bar & (2018-08-17). "The Commercial Courts Act, 2015: Bridging the gap between Promise and Reality". Bar and Bench - Indian Legal news. Retrieved 2024-05-06.
  224. ^ "[Commercial Dispute | Appellate jurisdiction] Appeals By Commercial Courts At Level Of District Judge To Be Listed Before Division Bench: Delhi High Court". LawBeat. Retrieved 2024-05-06.

External links[edit]

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Business_and_Commercial_Courts&oldid=1222780793"