Mazowiecka street in Bydgoszcz

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Coordinates: 53°07′58″N 18°00′08″E / 53.13278°N 18.00222°E / 53.13278; 18.00222
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Mazowiecka street
View of the south frontages
Mazowiecka street highlighted on a map
Mazowiecka street highlighted on a map
Native nameUlica Mazowiecka w Bydgoszczy (Polish)
Former name(s)Heynestraße / Heinestraße / Heinegostraße / Memel straße
Part ofŚródmieście district
NamesakeMazovia
OwnerCity of Bydgoszcz
Length500 m (1,600 ft)
Widthc. 10 metres (33 ft)
LocationBydgoszcz,  Poland
Coordinates53°07′58″N 18°00′08″E / 53.13278°N 18.00222°E / 53.13278; 18.00222
Major
junctions		Pomorska Street, Sienkiewicza Street, Wileńska street, Sowińskiego street
Construction
Construction startLate 1870s[1]
Completion1910[2]

Mazowiecka street is a path in the city of Bydgoszcz, Poland. Its buildings still display a mix of eclectic architectural facades as well as highlight the important urban industrialisation in the history of the city.

History and location[edit]

A map of Bromberg dated 1876[3] depicts the pathway, without any naming nor plots. Two years later, the city address book makes the first reference to 8 buildings on Heinestraße.[1] The development of the street has been gradual and eventually achieved in 1910.[2]

The street bore the following names through its existence:[4]

  • 19th century - 1920, Heinestraße or Heynestraße. Friedrich Hermann Heyne (1813-1856) was the Bürgermeister of Bromberg from 1845 to 1856,[5] at a time of dynamic economic development, in particular with the opening of the city to the network of the Prussian Eastern Railway.
  • German occupation (1939 - 1945), Memel straße,[6] in reference to the Memel Territory (German: Memelland), the northernmost part of the German province of East Prussia.
  • 1920 - 1939 and since 1945, Ulica Mazowiecka .

The current appellation refers to the historical region of Mazovia, in mid-north-eastern Poland. It spans the North European Plain, roughly between Łódź and Białystok.

The street follows a approximately east-west path, from Pomorska Street to Aleksandra Fredry street; on the way, it intersects Sienkiewicza, Wileńska and Sowińskiego streets.

Main areas and edifices[edit]

Tenement at 51 Pomorska Street, corner with Mazowiecka street[edit]

1890–1891[7]

Eclecticism, Neoclassical architecture

Initial address was Heinestraße 45, like the tenement at Nr.49, this building was initially the property of the municipality, as Bromberg city apartments (German: Wohnungsverein gehörig).[8] until 1910.[2] This system prevailed, even after Bydgoszcz re-integrated the Polish territory.

The facade of the building, recently renovated, displays nice neoclassical features, mirroring the abutting tenement at Nr.49, with a bit more motifs: pilasters, tympanum on Mazowiecka street and a corner facade with balustrade, topped by round ornaments.

  • Facade on Pomorska street
    Facade on Pomorska street
  • Corner detail
    Corner detail
  • Detail of window adorning
    Detail of window adorning

Tenement at 53 Pomorska Street, corner with Mazowiecka street[edit]

1893–1894[7]

Historicism

Initial address was Heinestraße 2. The Bräuer family lived there from the erection of the tenement in the 1880s[9] until World War I.

The building, though badly damaged by time and lack of maintenance, keeps some elements of its glorious past:

  • Corner view
    Corner view
  • View from Mazowiecka street
    View from Mazowiecka street
  • Detail of a cartouche
    Detail of a cartouche
  • The gate and the overlooking figure
    The gate and the overlooking figure

Tenement at 1/3[edit]

1890-1891[7]

Eclecticism

Both buildings have been erected almost at the same period (1890-1892) and have always been owned by one landlord at the time. They had been built for the city (then German) housing cooperative, the Wohnungsverein in bromberg gehörig.[10] In 1920, they were managed by the Polish equivalent structure, the Towarzystwo mieszkaniowe.[11] Some other tenements managed by the city could also be found at 1 Kołłątaja Street or 13/15/17 Zygmunt Krasiński Street.

Both frontages display similar eclectic architectural details, with a slight avant-corps dividing them.

  • Facade at 1
    Facade at 1
  • Facade at 3
    Facade at 3
  • Both facades from the street
    Both facades from the street

Tenement at 4[edit]

1912[7]

Late Art Nouveau

Robert Reeck, the first landlord,[12] was living at 21 Wörth strasse (present day Racławicka street).[12]

Renovated in 2014,[13] the facade presents characteristics of the first decade of the 20th century with early forms of Modern architecture and Art Nouveau elements: tall bay windows, long vertical lines and a variety of window shapes.

  • View from the street
    View from the street
  • Main entrance door
    Main entrance door

Tenement at 5[edit]

1895[7]

Eclecticism

Then located at 43 Heyne strasse, Emil Leufen, a plasterer was its initial owner.[14] A year later, he sold it to Johann Buckolt, a musician, and moved to the neighboring tenement at 41/42 (today's 7/9).[15]

The passage to the courtyard has been used by Bydgoszcz-born artist Joanna Rajkowska[16] to create the public project “Thermometers and glasses” (Polish: Termometry i Szklanki) in 2012. Joanna Rajkowska covered the walls and ceiling with a mosaic of mirrors (700 kg of them).[17] The Mirror gate (Brama z luster) has been restored in 2021.[18]

  • Main frontage onto the street
    Main frontage onto the street
  • Main entrance door and portal
    Main entrance door and portal
  • Mirror gate (Brama z luster)
    Mirror gate (Brama z luster)

Tenements at 7/9[edit]

1894[7]

Eclecticism

Emil Leufen, a plasterer, then owner in 1893 of the abutting building at 5, had these buildings erected a year later.[15] He had been eventually lived there from 1896 onwards.[14]

The large facade on the street displays eclectic and neo-baroque architectural details:

  • View of the entire frontage
    View of the entire frontage
  • Stuccoe and mascaron details
    Stuccoe and mascaron details
  • Stuccoe details
    Stuccoe details

Tenements at 8/10[edit]

1878[7]

Eclecticism

These buildings are among the oldest in the street, dating back to the late 1870s.[1] Their first landlord was Anton Czarnecki, who inhabited the house at 8 (then 4/4a Heinestraße).[19]

Both facades lost their architectural details with time. The house at 8 was renovated in 2020.[20]

  • Facade at 8
    Facade at 8
  • Facade at 10
    Facade at 10

Tenement at 11[edit]

1895[7]

Eclecticism

The first landlord was Albert Bettyna, a locksmith.[14] Hasan Konopacki (1879–1953) lived there from 1946 to 1953. He was a Lipka Tatar, politician, journalist and military officer, closely connected with the Belarusian national movement. A commemorative plaque has been unveiled on the ground floor of the building.[21]

The facade renovated in 2022[21] displays eclectic characters: avant-corps, pilasters, stuccoes and top corbel table are worth noticing.

  • Main facade from the street
    Main facade from the street
  • Commemorative plaque to Hasan Konopacki
    Commemorative plaque to Hasan Konopacki

Building at 40 Sienkiewicza Street[edit]

1890[7]

Eclecticism

Carl Heller, a butcher, was the registered landlord of this tenement at its construction.[22]

The house, renovated in the 2010s, exhibits a balcony on the corner narrow facade. There are also stucooed corbels on the window lintel and the corbel table running beneath the roof.

  • View of both facades
    View of both facades
  • Elevation on Sienkiewicza
    Elevation on Sienkiewicza
  • Corbel table
    Corbel table

Tenement at 14[edit]

1896-1897[7]

Eclecticism

Identified at its inception at 8 Heyne strasse, this large building was initially owned by Emil Röhl .[14] He lived there till the outbreak of WWI.[12]

The most impressive features of the tenement are the two grand balconies on the first and second level. Located above the main entrance, their balustrades are replicated on both sides under each window sills. In addition, window lintels are adorned with festoons, figureheads and mascaron.

  • View of the main frontage
    View of the main frontage
  • Top window
    Top window
  • grand balconies
    grand balconies

Tenement at 15[edit]

1891-1892[7]

Eclecticism

The construction entrepreneur Wilhelm Herzberg built the building on behalf of Johann Bordanowicz,[23] a butcher living at then 25 Mittel straße[8] (present day 45 Sienkiewicza Street).

The recent renovation (2022)[23] recalls that at the time of construction, it was one of the most impressive tenement houses on the street,[23] especially with its large double entrance door which round transom light decorated with figures of flying angels.

  • Facade onto the street
    Facade onto the street
  • Adorned portal
    Adorned portal

Building at 17, corner with 38 Sienkiewicza Street[edit]

1890s[7]

Eclecticism

Marian Rudnicki, a merchant, commissioned this tenement.[24] Its plot received three different house numberings: "25 Mittelstraße" in the 1890s, "45 Mittelstraße" (1915) and "38 Sienkiewicza street" in the present.

The corner building, in need of restoration, still possesses entrance door decoration, with pilasters flanking the side and a triangular pediment filled with plastered floral motifs and a smiling figure head. This ensemble is replicated on the door opening on Mazowiecka street.

  • View of both facades
    View of both facades
  • Main door and portal, with the ancient street numbering (37)
    Main door and portal, with the ancient street numbering (37)

Tenement at 18[edit]

1895-1896[7]

Eclecticism

The first owner of the house at then 10 Heynestraße was Vincent Kolesinski.[14]

Although the facade decoration is now gone, one can still appreciate the four balconies, fenced with floral-shaped wrought iron.

  • View from the street
    View from the street

Building at 19, corner with 41 Sienkiewicza Street[edit]

1885[7]

Eclecticism

Hugo Hecht, a merchant, commissioned this house. He was an important investor in the city: at the end of the 19th century, in addition to this tenement, he owned three other buildings in Gdańska Street, at 88/90, 92/94 and 96. Hecht was living at "30 Wilhelmstraße" (nonexistent today, in Jagiellońska street).[25]

The renovation carried out in 2020 reinforced the design of its facade. The stories are separated by cornices, the roof is supported by consoles and pediments are incorporated above the windows. Massive balconies are decorated with balustrades and the side garage entrance displays a large wrought iron fence.[26]

  • View from street crossing
    View from street crossing
  • Stuccos details
    Stuccos details
  • Facade on Sienkiewicza street
    Facade on Sienkiewicza street

House at 20[edit]

1885[7]

Eclecticism

The initial homeowner was Alexander Olszynski, a carpenter.[27]

As one of the first house built in the street, it kept few architectural details, apart from the triangular pediment adorned with motifs above the entrance.

  • Facade on the street
    Facade on the street

ßrenzel's House at 21[edit]

1883[7]

Eclecticism

The first landlord in the mid-1880s was Albert ßrenzel, working as a metal turner.[25] He lived there until the mid-1910s.[12] The following owner was Emil Stadie: he had launched in 1892 a bicycle, then motorcycle workshop located at nearby 20a Mittel-strasse (present day 39 Sienkiewicza Street).[28] Both locations were linked by a series of backyards.[29]

  • View from the street
    View from the street
  • Stadie's workshop advertising - ca 1922
    Stadie's workshop advertising - ca 1922

House at 23[edit]

1885[7]

Eclecticism

Otto Manthey, an administrative assistant at the post office was the landlord.[27]

Recently refurbished (2024),[30] the building architecture mirrors the one at No20, built the same year (1885).

  • View of the renovated house
    View of the renovated house

Tenement at 14 Wileńska street[edit]

Registered on Kuyavian-Pomeranian Heritage list Nr.725837, Reg.A/1528 (6 May 2009)[31]

1894[7]

Eclecticism

Otto Jr. Kochanowski, the son of the coppersmith at N.12, was the first landlord. Otto Jr. was a building materials merchant.[24] in 1896, he moved to a house at then 25 Mittelstasse (modern-day Sienkiewicza Street).[14]

The city heritage building boasts two decorated facades and a large corner bay window stretching on two levels.

  • Corner view
    Corner view
  • Corner bay window
    Corner bay window
  • Architectural detail
    Architectural detail

Tenement at 11 Wileńska street[edit]

1895[7]

Eclecticism

Johann Bordanowicz, a butcher who already owned the building at 3 Wileńska street, was the first landlord of this tenement.[24] At the time, it was located at the junction of Boiestraße and Heyne straße.

Restored in 2017,[32] the massive tenement displays two decorated facades on each street. The corner frontage features two heavy balconies.

  • Facade seen from the street intersection
    Facade seen from the street intersection
  • Pediment details
    Pediment details

Cohnfeld's house at 25[edit]

Early 1900s[7]

Albin Cohnfeld was a wealthy Jewish merchant of Bromberg, member (and vice-president) of the "Jewish Management Board and the Council of Representatives" of the city, from 1903 to 1920.[33] At the end of the 1880s, Cohnfeld received a concession from the city to build barracks in todays' Pomorska street, which was completed in 1890:[34] nowadays, the plot is called Londynek.

Albin Cohnfeld was living in a lavish tenement in Bahnhofstrasse (today's 77 Dworcowa street) designed by architect Karl Bergner. At the turn of the 20th century, he purchased plots in the street[35] at 25 and 28.

At 25, he had this one level house constructed, which he sold in 1905.[36]

  • View of the house at 25
    View of the house at 25

Tenement at 27[edit]

1908-1909[7]

Early Modern architecture

The commissioner of the building was a merchant, Wilhelm Habermann, running a company of wood transportation (German: holzspedition), Habermann & Moritz).[2] Living in Albert strasse (present day Garbary Street), he started renting the flats to more than 20 tenants,[2] but sold the tenement a year later in 1911.[37]

The large facade displays early forms of modern architecture, with tall and long vertical windows, under a wall gable still shaped with Art Nouveau design.

  • View from the street
    View from the street

Faculty of Animal Breeding and Biology at 28[edit]

  • In 1890, the plot was acquired by Albin Cohnfeld (see details at paragraph Cohnfeld's house at 25): the municipal authorities commissioned him to build there barracks, as he did in Pomorska street.[30]
  • Former Company Galwana

The "Galwana" Joint Stock Company was established in February 1920 and began its operations in 1922.[38] The founders of the company were the brothers Baranowski: Bolesław was the administrative director and Kazimierz the technical director.[38] Krzysztof lived in an apartment next to the factory while his brother Bolesław had a flat at 5 Cieszkowskiego street.[39] The factory used the ancient Prussian barracks, making most of the space provided by the multi-story brick building, with side wings.[39] It was located at then 16/24 Heyne strasse, employed 200 people, of which 50 were artists trained at the National School of Arts and Crafts.[39] Galwana went bankrupt in 1925,[40] the premises were then owned by Bank M. Stadthagen Tow. Akc. w Bydgoszczy, one of the main share holder of the capital till the upset of WWII.[41]

  • Since 1971, the area is housing the faculty of the Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology. There former plant edifice has been refurbished and hosts today one of the building of the Faculty of Animal Breeding and Biology of Bydgoszcz.
  • The factory ca 1922
    The factory ca 1922
  • The faculty building today
    The faculty building today
  • Instance of porcelain production
    Instance of porcelain production
  • Advertising for Galwana in 1922
    Advertising for Galwana in 1922

Factory premises at 29[edit]

1901[42]

Industrial architecture

  • The plot of land had been acquired at the beginning of the 20th century by Hermann Wenzel, a merchant living at 72 Danzigerstrasse (today's 137 Gdańska Street.[42]
  • Carl Wenzel, Hermann's relative, set up the Carl Wenzel Kommanditgesellschaft. The company had the production site in Mazowiecka and a selling point in Długa Street (64 Friedrichstrasse).[12]
  • Advertising for Carl Wenzel company - 1915
    Advertising for Carl Wenzel company - 1915
  • Józef Fagiewicz, after selling his drugstore and retail warehouse in Świecie, purchased in 1919, Carl Wenzel's company.[43] It was one of the largest drugstore wholesalers (Polish: Hurtownia drogeryjna) in Pomerania at the time.[44] A few years later, he established also AVENA, an oatmeal factory.[44]
  • Józef Fagiewicz plant - 1923
    Józef Fagiewicz plant - 1923
  • In 1929, Wacław Millner moved here his rapidly growing firm, Fabryka wyrobów Metalowo-Masowych (Metal and Mass Products Factory).[45] Created three years earlier, the then small workshop was located at 59 Gdańska Street;[46] it developed by producing furniture fittings and moved to 17 Nowa street in the Szwederowo district and later to 134 Gdańska Street. In Mazowiecka street, the company initially employed 100 people and began to manufacture bicycles from 1937 onwards. The employment increased to 600 people till the start of WWII. After the conflict, the firm was nationalized.[28] At his heyday, Wacław Millner had even his personal villa built by the famous Bydgoszcz architect Jan Kossowski at 11 Markwarta Street.
  • Advertising for W. Millner company - 1933
    Advertising for W. Millner company - 1933
  • Advertising for W. Millner company - 1936/37
    Advertising for W. Millner company - 1936/37
  • Millner's villa at 11 Markwarta Street
    Millner's villa at 11 Markwarta Street
  • In 1969, Jan Gogolewski set up there the firm JAGO Confectionery Factory (Polish: Fabryka Wyrobów Cukierniczych JAGO Jan Gogolewski).[47] It later now moved its seat to 2 Objazdowa street in Bydgoszcz.
  • View from the street
    View from the street

Plant premises at 31/33[edit]

1906-1907[7]

Industrial architecture

The parcel was purchased in 1907 by Gustav Granobs, living at 20 Kronerstrasse (Józefa Sowińskiego street).[48] Granobs had a large factory built there to accommodate his booming firm Gustav Granobs - Fabryka Filników i Narzędzi created in 1910.[49] The company will eventually grow into today's firm Befana.

  • The ancient factory seen from the street
    The ancient factory seen from the street
  • Details of the gate
    Details of the gate

Tenement at 10 Józefa Sowińskiego street[edit]

1890-1891[7]

Eclecticism

Located then at 17 Kronerstrasse, the building was first owned by Ernst Meißner, a railway administrative assistant.[10] He kept it till the start of WWI.[12]

The corner building, in need of restoration, has lost all of its architectural decoration.

  • View from the street junction
    View from the street junction

See also[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mazowiecka Street in Bydgoszcz.

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c Wohnungs-Anzeiger nebst Adress- und Geschäfts-Handbuch für Bromberg und Umgebung : auf das Jahr 1878 [Apartment advertisement along with address and business handbook for Bromberg and the surrounding area: from the year 1878] (in German). Mittlersche Buchhandlung (A. Fromm Nachf.). 1878. pp. XVIII.
  2. ^ a b c d e Adressbuch nebst allgemeinem Geschäfts-Anzeiger von Bromberg und dessen Vororten für 1910 : auf Grund amtlicher und privater Unterlagen [Address book and general business gazette for Bromberg and its suburbs for 1910: based on official and private documents] (in German). A. Dittmann. 1910. pp. 45, 112, 113, 150, 304.
  3. ^ Plan der Stadt Bromberg [Map of the city of Bydgoszcz] (Map). 1:5,000 (in German). Bydgoszcz: Paul Berthold Jaekel. 1876.
  4. ^ Czachorowski, Antoni (1997). Atlas historyczny miast polskich. Tom II Kujawy. Zeszyt I Bydgoszcz. Toruń: Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika.
  5. ^ "Akta miasta Bydgoszczy. Die Wiederbesetzung der durch den Tod des Herrn Heyne unbesetzten Bürgermeisterstelle jetzigen Oberbürgermeisterstelle". namensindex.org. Akta miasta Bydgoszczy. 2021. Retrieved 8 May 2024.
  6. ^ Stadt Plan Bromberg [City Map Bydgoszcz] (Map). 1:25,000 (in German). Bydgoszcz: Graph. Grossbert. Deutsche Rundschau. 1941.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w Jasiakiewicz, Roman (24 April 2013). Uchwala NR XLI/875/13. Bydgoszcz: Miasta Bydgoszczy. p. 7,8,14,40,67–69,86,87,112,46,47,71.
  8. ^ a b Adressbuch nebst allgemeinem Geschäfts-Anzeiger von Bromberg und dessen Vororten auf das Jahr 1893 auf Grund amtlicher und privater Unterlagen [Address book and general business gazette for Bromberg and its suburbs for 1893: based on official and private documents] (in German). Dittmann. 1893. pp. 23, 26, 32, 49.
  9. ^ "Alphabetisches Berzeichnis der einwohner". Adressbuch nebst allgemeinem Geschäfts-Anzeiger von Bromberg und dessen Vororten auf das Jahr 1878 auf Grund amtlicher und privater Unterlagen. Mittler. 1878. p. 12.
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  11. ^ Adresy Miasta Bydgoszcz na rok 1922 [Bydgoszcz Address book for the year 1922] (in Polish). Księgarnia Bydgoska Leon Posłuszny. 1922. p. 120.
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  13. ^ "MAPA INWESTYCJI". bydgoszczwbudowie.pl. Bydgoszcz w Budowie. 2024. Retrieved 13 May 2024.
  14. ^ a b c d e f Adressbuch nebst allgemeinem Geschäfts-Anzeiger von Bromberg und dessen Vororten auf das Jahr 1896: auf Grund amtlicher und privater Unterlagen [Address book and general business gazette for Bromberg and its suburbs for 1896: based on official and private documents] (in German). A. Dittmann. 1896. pp. 14, 15, 31, 87, 104, 146, 184.
  15. ^ a b Adressbuch nebst allgemeinem Geschäfts-Anzeiger von Bromberg und dessen Vororten auf das Jahr 1897: auf Grund amtlicher und privater Unterlagen [Address book and general business gazette for Bromberg and its suburbs for 1897: based on official and private documents] (in German). A. Dittmann. 1897. p. 26.
  16. ^ Redakcja (20 September 2012). "Brama pełna luster to projekt Joanny Rajkowskiej". pomorska.pl. Polska Press Sp. z o.o. Retrieved 15 May 2024.
  17. ^ "Mirror gate". visitbydgoszcz.pl. Bydgoskie Centrum Informacji. 2018. Retrieved 15 May 2024.
  18. ^ bor (1 October 2021). "Bydgoska brama z luster będzie błyszczeć jak nowa. Rewitalizacja dzieła Joanny Rajkowskiej". bydgoszcz.wyborcza.pl. Wyborcza Sp. z.o.o. Retrieved 15 May 2024.
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  20. ^ "Mapa Inwestycji". bydgoszczwbudowie.pl. Bydgoszcz w Budowie. 2024. Retrieved 19 May 2024.
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  23. ^ a b c UAF (12 January 2022). "Elegancka elewacja na 130. urodziny". bydgoszcz.pl. Miasto Bydgoszcz. Retrieved 18 May 2024.
  24. ^ a b c Adressbuch nebst allgemeinem Geschäfts-Anzeiger von Bromberg und dessen Vororten auf das Jahr 1895: nach amtlichen Quellen. Bromberg: A. Dittmann. 1895. pp. 19, 52, 84, 151, 205.
  25. ^ a b Adressbuch nebst allgemeinem Geschäfts-Anzeiger von Bromberg und dessen Vororten auf das Jahr 1885: nach amtlichen Quellen. Bromberg: Mittlersche Buchhandlung (A. Fromm Nachf.). 1885. pp. V, XXVI, 26, 47, 106, 124.
  26. ^ UAF (16 June 2020). "Narożna kamienica w piaskowym kolorze". bydgoszcz.pl. Miasto Bydgoszcz. Retrieved 26 March 2021.
  27. ^ a b Adressbuch nebst allgemeinem Geschäfts-Anzeiger von Bromberg und dessen Vororten auf das Jahr 1887: nach amtlichen Quellen. Bromberg: Mittlersche Buchhandlung (A. Fromm Nachf.). 1887. pp. XXIII, 108, 125.
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  30. ^ a b UAF (21 February 2024). "Kolejna kamienica przy ul. Mazowieckiej w remoncie". bydgoszcz.pl. Miasto Bydgoszcz. Retrieved 20 May 2024.
  31. ^ Załącznik do uchwały Nr XXXIV/601/13 Sejmiku Województwa Kujawsko-Pomorskiego z dnia 20 maja 2013 r.
  32. ^ "[Remonty kamienic] kwiecień 2017". bydgoszczwbudowie.pl. Bydgoszcz w Budowie. 2017. Retrieved 29 April 2024.
  33. ^ Biegański, Zdzisław (1896). Kronika Bydgoska. Materiały do historii mniejszości Żydowskiej w Bydgoszczy w zbiorach archiwum w Moskwie [Bydgoszcz Chronicle. Materials on the history of the Jewish minority in Bydgoszcz in the collections of the archive in Moscow] (in Polish). Towarzystwo Miłosnikow Miasta Bydgoszczy - Bydgoskie Towarzystwo Naukowe. p. 161.
  34. ^ "Koszarowiec na bydgoskim Londynku". facebook.com. Bydgoszcz- Okruchy Przeszłości. 10 March 2024. Retrieved 20 May 2024.
  35. ^ "6/189/0/3.3.5/720 Zahlen von 10% durch Albin Cohnfeld von den Parzellen nr 220 i 221 in der Vorstädte Bocianowo". namensindex.org. Polish National Digital Archives. 26 February 2021. Retrieved 20 May 2024.
  36. ^ Adressbuch nebst allgemeinem Geschäfts-Anzeiger von Bromberg und dessen Vororten für 1905: auf Grund amtlicher und privater Unterlagen [Address book and general business gazette for Bromberg and its suburbs for 1905: based on official and private documents] (in German). A. Dittmann. 1905. p. 50.
  37. ^ Adressbuch nebst allgemeinem Geschäfts-Anzeiger von Bromberg und dessen Vororten für 1911: auf Grund amtlicher und privater Unterlagen [Address book and general business gazette for Bromberg and its suburbs for 1911: based on official and private documents] (in German). A. Dittmann. 1911. p. 118.
  38. ^ a b eMTeWu (28 June 2021). "Towarzystwo Akcyjne "Galwana" w Bydgoszczy". salon24.pl. Web Content Media sp. z o. o. Retrieved 19 May 2024.
  39. ^ a b c Chalasz (23 September 2021). "Fenomen nowej gospodarki – "Galwana", Towarzystwo Akcyjne w Bydgoszczy". bydgoszcz.naszemiasto.pl. Wielkopolska Historycznie. Retrieved 19 May 2024.
  40. ^ rudi (13 October 2009). "Towarzystwo Akcyjne "Galwana" w Bydgoszczy". bydgoszcz.naszemiasto.pl. Polska Press Sp. z o.o. Retrieved 19 May 2024.
  41. ^ Adresy Miasta Bydgoszcz na rok 1933 [Bydgoszcz Address book for the year 1933] (in Polish). Władysław Weber. 1933. p. 55.
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  43. ^ Błażejewski, Stanisław (1923). Kronika Bydgoska. Polskie przedsiębiorstwa i banki w pruskiej Bydgoszczy [Polish enterprises and banks in Prussian Bydgoszcz] (in Polish). Towarzystwo Miłosnikow Miasta Bydgoszczy - Bydgoskie Towarzystwo Naukowe. p. 82.
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  48. ^ Adressbuch nebst allgemeinem Geschäfts-Anzeiger von Bromberg und dessen Vororten für 1907: auf Grund amtlicher und privater Unterlagen [Address book and general business gazette for Bromberg and its suburbs for 1907: based on official and private documents] (in German). A. Dittmann. 1907. p. 266.
  49. ^ Architektura Bydgoskich Fabryk. Na Winietach Papierów Firmowych [Architecture of Bydgoszcz Factories. On Company Paper Vignettes] (in Polish). Kujawsko-Pomorskie Centrum Kultury w Bydgoszczy. 2021. p. 5.

Bibliography[edit]

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