Kallang

Coordinates: 1°18′39″N 103°51′56″E / 1.31083°N 103.86556°E / 1.31083; 103.86556
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Kallang
Other transcription(s)
 • MalayKallang (Rumi)
کالڠ (Jawi)
 • Chinese加冷
Jiālěng (Pinyin)
Ka-léng (Hokkien POJ)
Gā-láahng (Cantonese Yale)
 • Tamilகாலாங்
Kālāṅ (Transliteration)
Row 1: Costa Rhu condominiums with Benjamin Sheares Bridge and the Singapore Flyer in the background
Row 2, left: Tanjong Rhu Footbridge across the Geylang River
Row 2, right: Jalan Besar Stadium
Row 3, left: National Stadium with Nicoll Highway in the foreground
Row 3, right: Golden Mile Complex
Map
Location of Kallang in Singapore
Location in Central Region
Location in Central Region
Kallang is located in Singapore
Kallang
Kallang
   Kallang in    Singapore
Kallang is located in Asia
Kallang
Kallang
Kallang (Asia)
Kallang is located in Earth
Kallang
Kallang
Kallang (Earth)
Coordinates: 1°18′39″N 103°51′56″E / 1.31083°N 103.86556°E / 1.31083; 103.86556
Country Singapore
RegionCentral Region
CDCs
Town councils
  • Jalan Besar Town Council
  • Marine Parade Town Council
  • Tanjong Pagar Town Council
Constituencies
Government
 • MayorsCentral Singapore CDC

South East CDC


 • Members of ParliamentJalan Besar GRC

Mountbatten SMC

Tanjong Pagar GRC

  • Alvin Tan
Area
 • Total9.17 km2 (3.54 sq mi)
 • Residential2.1 km2 (0.8 sq mi)
Population
 (2019)[1][2][3]
 • Total101,520
 • Density11,000/km2 (29,000/sq mi)
DemonymOfficial
  • Kallang resident
Postal districts
1, 7, 12, 13, 14, 15
Dwelling units35,742
Projected ultimate57,000

Kallang is a planning area and residential zone located in the Central Region of Singapore.

Development of the town is centered around the Kallang River, the longest river in Singapore. Kallang Planning Area is bounded by Toa Payoh in the north, Geylang in the east, Marine Parade in the southeast, Marina East in the south, the Downtown Core in the southwest, Rochor, Newton in the west, and Novena in the northwest.[4]

Throughout its history, Kallang was home to several national landmarks, some of which were built along the banks of the Kallang Basin, including the old National Stadium as well as the country's first purpose-built civil airport, the Kallang Airport.[5] The famous Kallang Roar and Kallang Wave have roots traced to the former National Stadium, which hosted 18 National Day Parades, as well as numerous notable cultural and sporting events.[6] As such, Kallang played a pivotal role in Singapore's aviation and sporting histories.

Today, Kallang is best known as the location of the Singapore Sports Hub, which is home to the new National Stadium and the Singapore Indoor Stadium. The new National Stadium hosted the National Day Parade in 2016, while the Singapore Indoor Stadium frequently hosts world-class concerts and performances by renowned artists and musicians from around Asia and the world.

Etymology[edit]

The area of what is now Kallang first appeared in an 1830 survey map of Singapore as "Kilang". By 1838, the place name was spelled as "Kelang". The modern-day "Kallang" is in use since 1842,[7] even though the alternative spelling "Kalang" is also utilised in some instances.

The Chinese and Tamil names for Kallang are "加冷" and "காலாங்" respectively. Both are direct transliterations of the English/Malay name. The Chinese word "加冷" is generally based on Cantonese (pronounced as "加冷 gaa-laang") transliteration of the word "Kallang". Kallang was also nicknamed "火城" ("fire city") by the Chinese community because it was the site of the Kallang Gasworks.[8]

Geography[edit]

Location[edit]

Situated towards the southeastern shore of Pulau Ujong, the perimeter of Kallang Planning Area is made up of Toa Payoh in the north, Geylang in the east, Marine Parade in the southeast, Marina East in the south, the Downtown Core in the southwest, Rochor and Newton in the west, as well as Novena in the northwest.[4] Starting from the north in an anti-clockwise direction, the boundaries of Kallang Planning Area are marked by the Pan Island Expressway (PIE), Central Expressway (CTE), Bukit Timah Road, Tekka Lane, Northumberland Road, Gloucester Road, Race Course Road, Rangoon Road, Serangoon Road, Syed Alwi Road, Jalan Sultan, Beach Road, Ophir Road, East Coast Parkway (ECP), Fort Road, Mountbatten Road, and Sims Way. Kallang Planning Area is part of the Central Region of Singapore.[9]

Although by definition a single "planning area" according to the Urban Redevelopment Authority (URA), the Kallang/Whampoa New Town as per the Housing and Development Board (HDB) also includes the estate of Whampoa, located within Balestier subzone of the adjacent Novena Planning Area.[10] Kallang/Whampoa is the only HDB town that spans across two separate planning areas.

Statistics[edit]

Occupying an area of 9.17 square kilometres, Kallang Planning Area is ranked 32nd among the 55 planning areas in terms of total area, ahead of Bukit Panjang Planning Area and behind Punggol Planning Area. It is ranked 18th in terms of population size, ahead of Queenstown Planning Area and behind Punggol Planning Area.

With an area of 7.99 square kilometres, Kallang/Whampoa New Town is ranked 9th among the 23 new towns in terms of total area, ahead of Bukit Batok New Town and behind Bukit Merah New Town.

Subdivisions[edit]

Kallang Planning Area consists of nine "subzones", as officially established by the Urban Redevelopment Authority (URA) for urban planning purpose.[11]

Subzone Location Notable places Accessibility
Bendemeer Northern Kallang; areas along Serangoon Road, Bendemeer Road, Saint George's Road and Saint Michael's Road Boon Keng MRT station, Hong Wen School, Bendemeer Primary School, Bendemeer Secondary School, Northlight School, Kallang Community Club, Kallang Neighbourhood Police Post, Boon Keng Fire Post, Towner Post Office, Sri Lankaramaya Buddhist Temple, Central Sikh Temple, Tong Tek Buddhist Temple, Bendemeer Shopping Mall, Kwong Wai Shiu Hospital, Saint Wilfred Field, Saint Wilfred Squash Centre, Saint Wilfred Tennis Centre, Kallang Polyclinic (under construction) Boon Keng MRT station and buses
Geylang Bahru Estates along Geylang Bahru Geylang Bahru MRT station, Kallang Basin Swimming Complex, Kallang Distripark, Ministry of Manpower (MOM) Services Centre, Jalan Besar Town Council main office, Singapore Examinations and Assessment Board (SEAB) office, Kolam Ayer Community Club, Kolam Ayer Neighbourhood Police Post Geylang Bahru MRT station and buses
Kampong Bugis Areas surrounding the mouth of the Kallang River Lorong 1 Geylang Bus Terminal, Kallang Riverside Park, the conserved Kallang Airport complex, Merdeka Bridge, Tai Pei Buddhist Centre, Sri Manmatha Karuneshvarar Temple, Kallang Gasworks (demolished), Gay World Amusement Park (demolished), Geylang Indoor Stadium (demolished) Buses
Tanjong Rhu Southern Kallang; Singapore Sports Hub and areas along Tanjong Rhu Road Stadium MRT station, Mountbatten MRT station (partial), Dunman High School, Singapore Swimming Club, Singapore Sports Hub (National Stadium, Singapore Indoor Stadium, Kallang Wave Mall), Sport Singapore headquarters, Kallang Theatre, Leisure Park Kallang, Kallang Track, Kallang Tennis Centre, Kallang Field, Kallang Ground, Kallang Netball Centre, Kallang Squash Centre, Kallang Sea Training Centre, Kallang Water Sports Centre, Benjamin Sheares Bridge, Mountbatten Fire Post, PAssion WaVe @ Marina Bay, Katong Community Centre, the former National Stadium (demolished), Kallang Airport (partially demolished), Kallang Park (demolished), Kallang Camp (facility repurposed), Kallang Football Hub (proposed), Tanjong Rhu MRT station (under construction), Katong Park MRT station (under construction; partial) Stadium MRT station, Mountbatten MRT station and buses
Kallang Bahru Areas around Kallang Bahru, Kallang Avenue and Kallang Place Bendemeer MRT station, Singapore Post (SingPost) Kallang Delivery Base, Aperia Mall, Victoria Wholesale Centre Bendemeer MRT station and buses
Crawford Areas on the western bank of Kallang Basin Nicoll Highway MRT station, Kallang Riverside Park, Golden Mile Complex, Kampong Glam Community Club, Kampong Glam Neighbourhood Police Post, Kampong Glam Park, Crawford Post Office, Marina Promenade, Gardens by the Bay (Bay Central Garden) (partial), St John Headquarters, The Concourse, The Plaza, Marina Bay Street Circuit (partial), Masjid Hajjah Fatimah, Water Venture (Kallang) (facility repurposed) Nicoll Highway MRT station and buses
Lavender Areas west of Lavender Street; surrounding areas at the northern stretch of Jalan Besar Lavender MRT station, Farrer Park MRT station (partial), City Square Mall, Jalan Besar Stadium, Jalan Besar Swimming Complex, Football Association of Singapore, Jalan Besar Community Club, People's Association (PA) headquarters, Immigration and Checkpoints Authority (ICA) Building, North Bridge Road Tua Pek Kong Temple, City Square Post Office, Singapore Indian Development Association (SINDA), Sri Srinivasa Perumal Temple, Mustafa Centre, Umar Pulavar Tamil Language Centre, New World Amusement Park (demolished) Lavender MRT station, Farrer Park MRT station and buses
Boon Keng Estates along Upper Boon Keng Road Kallang MRT station, Geylang West Community Club, Chwee Kang Beo Temple (水江庙) Kallang MRT station and buses
Kampong Java Western Kallang; areas around Balestier Road, Rangoon Road, Owen Road, Dorset Road, Tessensohn Road and Cambridge Road Little India MRT station (partial), Farrer Park MRT station (partial), Land Transport Authority (LTA) headquarters, Tanglin Police Division headquarters, Kampong Java Neighbourhood Police Centre, Cairnhill Neighbourhood Police Post, Balestier Plain, Singapore Indian Association, Singapore Khalsa Association,, Farrer Park Field, Farrer Park Tennis Centre, East Asia School of Theology, APS Swim School, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Farrer Park Primary School, Pek Kio Community Centre, Kampong Java Park (demolished) Little India MRT station, Farrer Park MRT station and buses

It is noteworthy that while the Old Kallang Airport Estate along Old Airport Road and Dakota Crescent is often associated with Kallang for historical reasons, it is officially placed under the subzone of Aljunied, part of the adjacent Geylang Planning Area,[12] for urban planning purpose.

Similarly, the industrial zone bounded by MacPherson Road, Aljunied Road, the Pelton Canal and Pan Island Expressway (PIE) is part of the Kallang Way subzone. Despite the name of this subzone, it is now part of Geylang.[12] Previously, this area formed part of the now-defunct Kallang mukim.

The subzone of Farrer Park belongs to the adjacent Rochor Planning Area,[13] even though the eponymous open field historically known as "Farrer Park" (now called "Farrer Park Field") is located within Kallang.

While the subzones of Little India and Kampong Glam constitute parts of Rochor,[13] many developments often associated with these two areas are located within Kallang, resulting in an "overspill" effect. "Little India" and "Kampong Glam" often refer to their respective cultural districts that are larger than the URA-defined subzones and extend into Kallang.

The subzone of Lorong 8 Toa Payoh was known as "Kallang", possibly due to its location on either side of the Kallang River. The subzone was later renamed to its current name, taken after a nearby road of the same name, and is a constituent part of Toa Payoh Planning Area.[14]

Geology[edit]

Lookout tower at Tanjong Rhu overlooking Kallang Basin and the Downtown Core.

Kallang sits on the Kallang Formation which consists of soft marine clay, loose alluvial muddy sand, loose beach sand, soft peaty and organic mud, and coral. Aside from the eponymous Kallang, the Kallang Formation is also found in other parts of Singapore, particularly at river valleys, as well as around river mouths and coastal regions.[15][16]

Terrain[edit]

The terrain of Kallang is generally flat and low, with elevation no more than 15 metres above sea level.[17]

Though not located within Kallang Planning Area, the geographic point of Bukit Kallang (also spelt as "Bukit Kalang") is a hill in the Central Water Catchment and has an elevation of 97 metres.[17] Bukit Kallang is situated at the southeastern corner of the Upper Peirce Reservoir, west of the TreeTop Walk suspension bridge, and within the territory of the former Ulu Kallang mukim. The Bukit Kalang Service Reservoir maintained by the Public Utilities Board (PUB) is within its vicinity, so is the source of the Kallang River, the Lower Peirce Reservoir.

Water bodies[edit]

Tanjong Rhu Footbridge crosses over the Geylang River, and connects the gated communities along Tanjong Rhu Road with the Singapore Sports Hub.
The mouths of the Kallang River and Rochor River at Kallang Basin in December 2005, with the old National Stadium in the background and the Kallang Riverside Park in the foreground.
Benjamin Sheares Bridge at night with the Central Area in the distance.

The Kallang River is the main waterway that meanders through Kallang. The source of the Kallang River is the Lower Peirce Reservoir (formerly known as the "Kallang River Reservoir"; renamed in honour of Municipal Engineer Robert Peirce in 1922)[18] and the river mouth is located at Kallang Basin, near to the Merdeka Bridge. Flowing for more than 10 kilometres, the Kallang River is the longest river in Singapore and drains areas as far north as Bishan and Ang Mo Kio.[19]

The Kallang Basin is an enclosed bay in Kallang, and is a popular location for water sports. The Singapore Sports Hub is located on the eastern bank of the Kallang Basin. In 1977, the Singapore government embarked on a ten-year-long clean-up project for the Kallang Basin and the nearby Singapore River, transforming them into the clean waterways of today.[20] The Kallang Basin area used to form part of mainland Singapore's southeastern coastline, as evident from the location of Beach Road. Kallang River used to empty into the Singapore Straits at Kallang Basin, as did Rochor River and Geylang River. One of the Republic of Singapore Navy's (RSN) Bedok-class mine countermeasures vessel is named "RSS Kallang", as part of a series of vessels named after Singapore's coastal regions.[21]

Kallang is also drained by the Geylang River, Rochor River, Rochor Canal, Marina Channel, Sungei Whampoa and the Pelton Canal, the latter two of which are tributaries of the Kallang River. These aforementioned waterways, together with the Singapore River and Marina Bay, make up the Marina Reservoir that has a catchment size of about one-sixth of mainland Singapore's land area.[22]

Kallang constitutes part of the Drainage Catchments of Bukit Timah, Geylang, Stamford Marina and Kallang, as per the Public Utilities Board (PUB). Kallang Drainage Catchment only extends into a small part of the Kallang Planning Area; it also encompasses areas belonging to the planning areas of Toa Payoh, Serangoon, Bishan, Ang Mo Kio, Central Water Catchment and Bukit Panjang.[23]

Due to the high concentration of waterways in Kallang, many bridges were constructed to cross over these rivers and canals. Some famous bridges found in Kallang include the Merdeka Bridge, Benjamin Sheares Bridge (Singapore's tallest and longest bridge; reaches its highest point of 29 metres at Kallang Basin) and the Tanjong Rhu Footbridge (the first suspension bridge in Singapore).[24][25][26]

History[edit]

The open field along Geylang Road that the Gay World Amusement Park once stood. The new National Stadium is seen in the background.

Boundaries[edit]

The present-day boundaries of Kallang Planning Area are established by the Urban Redevelopment Authority (URA) for urban planning purpose. Prior to the creation of "planning areas", Singapore was divided into two types of survey districts by the Singapore Land Authority (SLA): "mukim" in rural areas and "town subdivisions" in the city. There were two mukim that bore the name "Kallang": Kallang and Ulu Kallang.

Kallang River panorama facing east towards the CBD

Kallang mukim[edit]

The mukim of Kallang (alternatively spelled as "Kalang") was roughly bounded by Upper Serangoon Road, Serangoon Road and the Kallang River to its west; Upper Paya Lebar Road to its north and east; Paya Lebar Road to its east; and Geylang Road to its south.[27][28] The areas that once belonged to the former Kallang mukim are now split among the planning areas of Serangoon, Toa Payoh, Geylang and Kallang. On the other hand, the areas that now form Kallang Planning Area were shared by the now-dissolved mukims of Toa Payoh, Geylang (formerly spelled as "Gelang"), Kallang and various town subdivisions. The modern boundaries of Kallang Planning Area therefore differ from those of the Kallang mukim.

Kallang River panorama facing west towards the National Stadium

Ulu Kallang mukim[edit]

A vast region at the upstream of the Kallang River was part of the mukim of Ulu Kallang (also written as "Ulu Kalang"). Ulu is a Malay term which translates to "rural", "remote", "upstream" or "origin" – a reference to its location at the upper reaches of the Kallang River and its relative lack of development. Within the boundaries of Ulu Kallang were Upper Peirce Reservoir and Lower Peirce Reservoir. Ulu Kallang mukim bordered the adjacent mukims of Ulu Pandan in its southwest, Tanglin in its southeast, Toa Payoh and Ang Mo Kio in its east, South Seletar in its northeast, Mandai in its northwest, and Bukit Timah in its west.[27][28] The territories which once constituted Ulu Kallang are now shared among the planning areas of Central Water Catchment, Bukit Timah and Bishan, the first of which remained as one of the least developed places in Singapore. In several historical maps, this mukim was labeled as "Upper Kalang".[29]

Landscape[edit]

Aerial photograph of the Kallang Airport and Kallang Basin, taken in 1945 shortly after the Japanese surrender. The Kallang Basin of this era covered a much larger area.

The present landscape of Kallang is the result of extensive land reclamation carried out over multiple phases. Prior to land reclamation, the original southeastern shoreline of mainland Singapore was situated at the Kallang Basin area, near where Tanjong Rhu Road and Beach Road are today.

In August 1931, the Public Works Department was tasked to lead the land reclamation project at the eastern portion of the Kallang Basin for the construction of the Kallang Airport. A total of 339 acres of mangrove swamp was reclaimed, and the project cost was estimated at around 9 million Straits dollars. The land reclamation lasted from May 1932 to October 1936.[30]

In June 1932, another land reclamation project began at Beach Road. The aim was to create a foreshore to the immediate south of Beach Road between Stamford Road and the Rochor River.[30]

From 1963 to 1971, the Housing and Development Board (HDB) led a massive land reclamation project in the northern part of the Kallang Basin. The swamps and mudflats were filled in using earth sourced from the leveled hills of Toa Payoh.[30] Before land reclamation, the Kallang Basin was a large swamp that stretched as far north as today's Bendemeer Road at its greatest extent; numerous islands existed along the course of the Kallang River and its tributaries.[31]

Between 1966 and 1975, the East Coast Reclamation Project led by HDB formed new lands at Tanjong Rhu in southern Kallang, as well as the adjacent communities in Marine Parade. In 1979, Phase VI of the project extended the Tanjong Rhu coast southwards, forming what is today's Marina East.[30]

Settlements[edit]

Historically, Kallang was home to some of Singapore's earliest settlers. Numerous villages could be found at the Kallang Basin area before modern developments took place: Kampong Kallang Pasir, Kampong Kallang Pokok, Kampong Kallang Laut, Kampong Kallang Batin, Kampong Kallang Rokok, Kampong Bugis, Kampong Soo Poo (also the name of a now-expunged road, located off Kallang Road) and Kampong Koo Chye.[32][33]

Today, some of their legacies are still seen – roads such as Padang Jeringau and Kampong Bugis that branch out from Kallang Road directly reference these expunged villages.[34]

In the 1950s, housing in Singapore was insufficient for its growing population. A large portion of the population was living in slum-like places with poor sanitation. As the city area became congested, the colonial government decided to build new public housing estates to tackle the problem. One of the plans was to develop Kallang into Singapore's equivalent of the Hyde Park, as reported by The Straits Times in an article dated 11 March 1955.[35] These residential developments are known collectively as the "Old Kallang Airport Estate", located along Old Airport Road and Dakota Crescent. The low-rise residential blocks at Dakota Crescent are known for their unique architecture.

Significant events[edit]

The preview show of the 2003 National Day Parade held at the old National Stadium.

On 4 December 1919, Singapore witnessed its first-ever aircraft landing at the Farrer Park Field, when Captain Ross Smith and three other crew members touched down in a Vickers Vimy en route to Darwin, Australia.[36] This event kickstarted Singapore's aviation journey.

On 17 February 1942, the troops of the British Indian Army officially surrendered to the Imperial Japanese Army represented by Major Fujiwara Iwaichi at the Farrer Park Field as part of an event now called the "Farrer Park address". Captain Mohan Singh later declared the formation of the First Indian National Army and openly recruited volunteers to fight against the British Raj for the independence of India.[37]

On 29 June 1946, one of the Dakota aircraft belonging to the Royal Air Force (RAF) crashed at the Kallang Airport in a thunderstorm, killing all 20 that were on board.[38] Officially named in 1957, Dakota Crescent and Dakota Close serve to commemorate this aviation disaster.[39]

On 13 March 1954, a Lockheed L-749A Constellation aircraft operated by the British Overseas Airways Corporation (BOAC) crashed and exploded as it attempted landing at the Kallang Airport, killing 33 passengers and crew.[40]

On 15 August 1955, the People's Action Party (PAP) campaigned for self-governance at the Farrer Park Field.[41]

On 18 March 1956, some 20,000 people gathered at the Kallang Airport complex for a merdeka (Malay for "freedom") rally organised by then-Chief Minister David Marshall. The event later turned into a riot, causing at least 50 cases of injuries. This riot discredited Marshall in the eyes of the British, thereby hindered Singapore's independence progress and led to Marshall's subsequent resignation.[42]

Described as "the worst and prolonged in Singapore's post-war history", the infamous 1964 Singapore race riots broke out in Kallang on 21 July 1964, at the intersection of Kallang Road and Padang Jeringau, around the former Kampong Soo Poo.[43]

On 23 February 1970, a time capsule was buried at the old National Stadium by then-Minister for Finance Goh Keng Swee. The capsule was never found despite more than three years of search. On 15 February 2016, a new time capsule was laid underground at the Singapore Sports Hub. It is expected to be unearthed in 2040.[44]

The old National Stadium that once stood on the same plot of land as the current Singapore Sports Hub was the ceremony venue for the Southeast Asian Games in 1973, 1983 and 1993.

The old National Stadium hosted the National Day Parade (NDP) a total of 18 times (in 1976, 1980, 1985, 1986, 1988, 1989, 1991, 1992, 1994, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004 and 2006).

From 1986 to 2000, former Singapore Prime Ministers Lee Kuan Yew and Goh Chok Tong held their annual National Day Rally at the Kallang Theatre.[45]

Kallang Field hosted the archery games during the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics.

On 20 April 2004, a section of Nicoll Highway collapsed in an accident now known as the Nicoll Highway collapse. The road itself and surrounding area sunk in, snapping gas, water and electricity cables, thereby cutting off power in the nearby Suntec City and Marina Bay areas. Tenants and residents of Golden Mile Complex were evacuated. The completion of the Circle Line was pushed back by a year, and the original site of Nicoll Highway MRT station which was 100 metres away from the current station had to be abandoned. The section of tracks between Promenade MRT station and Stadium MRT station had to be realigned. The collapse killed four people.[46][47]

During the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics, the archery, tennis and football games were held at Kallang Field, Kallang Tennis Centre and Jalan Besar Stadium respectively.[48]

The opening and closing ceremonies of the 2015 Southeast Asian Games were held at the new National Stadium. Numerous matches also took place at various venues across Kallang.

On 9 August 2016, the new National Stadium hosted the 2016 NDP – the first NDP in the new National Stadium, and the first NDP held in Kallang after a decade of hiatus.[49]

Raffles' landing[edit]

There is a dispute pertaining to the exact location where the founder of modern Singapore, Sir Stamford Raffles, first landed on mainland Singapore in 1819. Even though the Raffles' Landing Site by the Singapore River is generally believed to be the original landing point, other sources challenge that claim. Based on the record in the Cho Clan Archives, Raffles could have landed at the Kallang Basin instead, in what is today's Kallang Riverside Park.[50][51]

Landmarks[edit]

The Central Sikh Temple at the junction of Serangoon Road and Towner Road.
Merdeka Bridge carries Nicoll Highway across the Kallang Basin. The old National Stadium and Singapore Indoor Stadium are visible in the distance, while developments in Geylang and Marine Parade are seen in the background.

Kallang is home to numerous "historic sites" of Singapore, as officially designated by the National Heritage Board (NHB). These include the Central Sikh Temple along Towner Road,[52] the former Kallang Gasworks along Kallang Road,[53] the Merdeka Bridge along Nicoll Highway,[54] the Balestier Plain along Balestier Road,[55] the old Kallang Airport along Stadium Link,[56] the historic Farrer Park (now called "Farrer Park Field") along Rutland Road,[57] as well as the Jalan Besar Stadium along Tyrwhitt Road.[58]

The Urban Redevelopment Authority (URA) has identified numerous areas in Singapore as "conservation areas", a few of which can be found in Kallang. These include the Former Kallang Airport Conservation Area and the Jalan Besar Conservation Area, where structures of historical, architectural and cultural significance are carefully conserved. The Geylang Conservation Area extends partially into Kallang, consisting mainly of shophouses fronting the stretch of Geylang Road between Sims Way and Lorong 1 Geylang.[59][60]

Modern landmarks[edit]

Arguably the most famous landmark in modern Kallang is the Singapore Sports Hub, comprising the new National Stadium, the Singapore Indoor Stadium, the Kallang Wave Mall, and several other sports facilities. Built at an estimated cost of S$1.3 billion, the Singapore Sports Hub frequently hosts national and international sporting, cultural and entertainment events.

The Merdeka Bridge crosses over the Kallang Basin at the mouths of the Kallang River and Rochor River. Initially conceived as the "Kallang Bridge", the Merdeka Bridge was considered as a symbol of Singapore's aspiration for independence in the 1950s. A pair of stone lions called the "Merdeka Lions" once stood at each end of the bridge from 1956 to 1966. These lion statues are now standing at the SAFTI Military Institute.[61]

The Kallang Airport was Singapore's first purpose-built civil airport, operating from 1937 to 1955. Hailed as the "finest airport in the British Empire", it was also praised by renowned aviator Amelia Earhart as "an aviation miracle of the East".[62] Several structures of the Kallang Airport were gazetted for conservation on 5 December 2008. Today, the complex is fenced off from public access.[63][64]

The Golden Mile Complex along Beach Road is a prominent landmark in the area. It was one of the Singapore government's first urban renewal projects, combining commercial and residential spaces into one building. It was described by famous English architectural critic Reyner Banham as "an exemplary type of megastructure". The congregation of the Thai community at Golden Mile Complex also gives it the nickname "Little Thailand".[65] The surrounding area is termed "the Golden Mile", a strip of high-rise commercial land fronting the Kallang Basin.

Chwee Kang Beo Temple (水江庙), which means ‘Water River Temple’ has been at the present location since the late 1940s. It is a unique landmark along Kallang riverside, at Upper Boon Keng Road.[66]

The Central Sikh Temple is Singapore's first Sikh gurdwara, originally established in 1912. Its current site at Towner Road was officially opened in November 1986.[67]

The Sri Srinivasa Perumal Temple along Serangoon Road was gazetted as a national monument on 10 November 1978.[68]

The main factory building of the former National Aerated Water Company along Serangoon Road has also been gazetted for conservation, and will be integrated into a future residential development.[69]

Old landmarks[edit]

Gate of the former New World Amusement Park, now standing in front of City Square Mall.
The former National Stadium in 2009. Leisure Park Kallang is seen on the right, the residential precinct at Kampong Kayu Road is seen in the distance, and the Singapore Straits is seen in the background.

The Kallang Gasworks was the first of its kind to be built in Singapore to supply gas for street lighting. Constructed in 1862, the facilities were operated by the Singapore Gas Company (now called "City Gas") and produced gas uninterruptedly for over 130 years, except for brief pauses during World War I and World War II. It was decommissioned on 23 March 1998, and all operations were taken over by the Senoko Gasworks in Sembawang.[70][71] Today, a sculpture titled Spirit of Kallang by Singaporean artist Lim Leong Seng is standing in the Kallang Riverside Park to commemorate the Kallang Gasworks.[8]

Built on the runway site of the former Kallang Airport prior to the development of the old National Stadium, the now-demolished Kallang Park was a large public park that consisted of children's playgrounds, a fountain gifted by the Singapore Chinese Chamber of Commerce and Industry (SCCCI), carnival booths and the popular Wonderland Amusement Park. Originally proposed by then-Minister for National Development Ong Eng Guan under "Project Lung", the Kallang Park was the first attempt at redeveloping the lands previously occupied by the Kallang Airport.[8]

Kallang was also the location of three of Singapore's most iconic amusement parks: New World Amusement Park,[72] Gay World Amusement Park[73] and Wonderland Amusement Park.[8] The first was situated near present-day City Square Mall; the second was located on the open field bounded by Geylang Road, Sims Way, Kallang Airport Way and Kallang Airport Drive; and the third was part of the old Kallang Park.

Perhaps the most iconic of all historic landmarks in Kallang was the old National Stadium, once located on the same site currently occupied by the new National Stadium which is part of the larger Singapore Sports Hub. The old National Stadium played host to numerous cultural, sporting and national events, including the National Day Parade (NDP) for a total of 18 times.[6] Celebrated as be the birthplace of the famous Kallang Roar and Kallang Wave,[74] the old National Stadium was home to the Singapore FA (nicknamed "the Lions"). Today, the shopping mall at the Singapore Sports Hub is named "Kallang Wave Mall".[75]

Politics[edit]

Current jurisdiction[edit]

The political representation of Kallang in the Parliament of Singapore is split among three electoral constituencies as of the 2020 Singapore general election. The vast majority of Kallang forms part of Jalan Besar Group Representation Constituency (GRC); part of Kampong Java subzone comes under Tanjong Pagar GRC; and the entirety of Tanjong Rhu subzone is part of Mountbatten Single Member Constituency (SMC).[76][77] These constituencies are held by Singapore's ruling People's Action Party (PAP).[78]

Jalan Besar Town Council is responsible for the maintenance of the areas that come under Jalan Besar GRC; Tanjong Pagar Town Council maintains areas belonging to Tanjong Pagar GRC; and Mountbatten SMC is administered by Marine Parade Town Council. The main office of Jalan Besar Town Council is located in Kallang, at 70 Geylang Bahru.

Former jurisdiction[edit]

From 2011 to 2015, large parts of Kallang were part of the short-lived Moulmein-Kallang Group Representation Constituency (GRC), which was co-led by then-Minister for Communications and Information Yaacob Ibrahim and then-Minister for Transport Lui Tuck Yew. The area bounded by Sungei Whampoa, Serangoon Road, Balestier Road and the Central Expressway (CTE) formed part of Whampoa Single Member Constituency (SMC). Tanjong Rhu was under Mountbatten SMC.[79] Both Moulmein-Kallang GRC and Whampoa SMC came under the administration of the now-dissolved Moulmein-Kallang Town Council, which was headquartered at the same Geylang Bahru office currently used by Jalan Besar Town Council.

Between 1959 and 1991, Kallang mostly came under Kallang SMC. Its Members of Parliament (MP) included Suppiah Dhanabalan, who served as Minister for Foreign Affairs and Minister for National Development during his service as MP for Kallang SMC. Other constituencies that historically covered various parts of Kallang included the now-defunct Geylang West SMC, Jalan Besar SMC and Kolam Ayer SMC.

Economy[edit]

Commercial[edit]

The commercial strip along Beach Road, clearly showing The Concourse and the developments in the nearby Central Area.

Unlike most Singaporean towns, Kallang does not have an integrated town centre. Instead, its commercial activities are largely concentrated at the Singapore Sports Hub, as well as within the subzones of Lavender and Crawford.

The Singapore Sports Hub vicinity is home to two shopping destinations, Leisure Park Kallang and Kallang Wave Mall, as well as a cultural venue, the Kallang Theatre. Other than retail outlets, Leisure Park Kallang also has a cinema, an ice skating rink and a bowling alley. Various other shopping malls such as the City Square Mall along Kitchener Road, Mustafa Centre along Syed Alwi Road and Aperia Mall along Kallang Avenue are also situated within the boundaries of Kallang.

In recent years, areas along Beach Road and Jalan Sultan have seen new commercial developments, such as The Concourse and City Gate, due to their close proximities to the adjacent Central Area.

The high rent in the Central Area also makes Kallang an attractive location for offices, particularly office spaces along Kallang Avenue, Lavender Street and Beach Road. Examples of renowned companies that have offices in Kallang include German automotive firm Continental AG, American technology company Micron Technology, Japanese consumer goods manufacturer Lion Corporation, American fast food group Yum! Brands, French energy management and automation solutions corporation Schneider Electric, and the Singapore-based environmental solutions enterprise Hyflux.

Industries[edit]

Kallang is currently home to numerous light industrial estates. Many heavy industry factories have been relocated away from this area to promote residential and commercial use. Today, most of Kallang's industrial estates are clustered at Kallang Avenue, Kallang Bahru, Kallang Place, Kallang Junction, Kallang Sector and Kallang Way. There are plans to redevelop Kallang's industrial zones into mixed-use developments, including a hub for high-value and knowledge-based businesses called the "Kallang iPark".[80]

Prior to modern developments, Kallang was home to a booming shipbuilding industry, particularly due to its coastal location and the presence of numerous waterways in the area. Shipbuilding companies were found around present-day Upper Boon Keng Road and Jalan Benaan Kapal (literally "Ship Construction Road" in Malay). In particular, the latter was the location of the first purpose-built marine industrial estate in Singapore, before the area was transformed into a sporting and lifestyle precinct.[81] Across the Geylang River, numerous shipbuilding companies, including John I. Thornycroft & Company and Singapore Slipway, once straddled the coast of Tanjong Rhu.[82]

Infrastructure[edit]

Education[edit]

The campus of Dunman High School at Tanjong Rhu Road in 2023

The following educational institutions are located within Kallang:

3 Geylang Bahru Lane was frequently used by the Ministry of Education (MOE) as a temporary school compound, and hosted such schools as Victoria School, Cedar Girls' Secondary School, SJI Junior and CHIJ Katong Convent. This site is now used by the Singapore Examinations and Assessment Board (SEAB) as its office.

The current site of NorthLight School used to be the former Balestier campus of the Institute of Technical Education (ITE).

Healthcare[edit]

KK Women's and Children's Hospital is located within Kampong Java subzone.

The following hospitals are located within Kallang:

The Ministry of Health (MOH) has announced an upcoming polyclinic in Kallang, expected to be ready by 2020. The polyclinic will be housed in a 10-storey facility and integrated with a chronic sick unit, the first of such integrated healthcare building in Singapore.[86][87][88]

Community spaces[edit]

Managed by the People's Association (PA), each "community club" or "community centre" (CC) serves around 15,000 households.[89]

The following CCs are located at Kallang:

  • Geylang West Community Club
  • Jalan Besar Community Club
  • Kallang Community Club
  • Kampong Glam Community Club
  • Katong Community Centre
  • Kolam Ayer Community Club
  • PAssion WaVe @ Marina Bay
  • Pek Kio Community Centre

The PA headquarters is also situated in Kallang, along King George's Avenue.

Parklands[edit]

The Kallang Riverside Park on both sides of the Kallang River, looking towards the Central Area.
The Kallang River and Kallang Basin are favourite locations for water sports. The subzones of Lavender and Crawford are seen in the distance.

The Kallang Riverside Park is a riverine park located at the mouths of the Kallang River and Rochor River. The sections on either side of the Kallang River are managed by the National Parks Board (NParks),[90] while the section along the western bank of the Rochor River was absorbed into Gardens by the Bay as part of Bay Central Garden.[91]

The Marina Promenade on the western banks of the Kallang Basin and Marina Channel links Kallang Riverside Park in the north with Marina Centre in the south. It forms part of the Bay Central Garden of Gardens by the Bay.

Kallang Park Connector is part of the Park Connector Network (PCN) managed by NParks, running from Bishan Road in the north to Sims Avenue in the south, largely following the course of the Kallang River. Constructed in 1995, it is the first park connector of its kind to be built and forms part of the Central Urban Loop.[92][93] As their names imply, these park connectors aim to form a continuous loop which will eventually connect all the major parks within Singapore. Kallang Park Connector runs parallel to the Kallang River, except for the section around Woodsville Interchange. It serves as a link between Bishan–Ang Mo Kio Park and Kallang Riverside Park. Spanning 7.87 kilometres, Kallang Park Connector is the third longest park connector in Singapore, after Coastal Park Connector and Jurong Park Connector which are 15 kilometres-long[94] and 9.4 kilometres-long[95] respectively. Points of interest along Kallang Park Connector include Kallang River @ Bishan–Ang Mo Kio Park, as well as the Kolam Ayer ABC Waterfront.[96][97] Plans to further rejuvenate the Kallang riverside, including the construction of bridges and underpasses to facilitate seamless connection across major traffic junctions, have been proposed.[98]

Other park connectors that run through Kallang include Geylang Park Connector,[99] Pelton Canal Park Connector,[100] Whampoa Park Connector[101] and the Tanjong Rhu Promenade.[102]

East Coast Park is a coastal park that straddles the southeastern coast of Singapore, extending from Marine Parade to Tampines. Aside from serving the areas that it is located in, East Coast Park also serves various nearby communities like Kallang. East Coast Park can be accessed via Fort Road from Kallang.

Located within the subzone of Kampong Java, at the junction of Bukit Timah Road and Cavenagh Road, was the Kampong Java Park. Like the Kallang Riverside Park, this park was maintained by NParks and featured a large pond as its centrepiece.[103] In August 2018, the Kampong Java Park was permanently closed to facilitate the construction of the North–South Corridor (NSC).[104]

Security[edit]

The responsibility of maintaining security in Kallang is split among three police divisions of the Singapore Police Force (SPF): Central Police Division, Bedok Police Division and Tanglin Police Division. In particular, the Tanglin Police Division has its headquarters located in Kallang, along Kampong Java Road.

The following police establishments are located within Kallang:

  • Cairnhill Neighbourhood Police Post
  • Kallang Neighbourhood Police Post
  • Kampong Glam Neighbourhood Police Post
  • Kampong Java Neighbourhood Police Centre
  • Kolam Ayer Neighbourhood Police Post

From 1970 to 2007, the Kallang Regional Base along Stadium Lane on the northeastern bank of the Kallang Basin served as the headquarters of the Police Coast Guard and its predecessor, the Marine Division. Its operations were subsequently relocated to Brani Regional Base on Pulau Brani as a result of the planned damming of the Kallang Basin and Marina Bay to create the Marina Reservoir.[105]

The headquarters of the Immigration and Checkpoints Authority (ICA) is located on Kallang Road, next to Lavender MRT station.

Fire department[edit]

The Singapore Civil Defence Force (SCDF) operates two fire posts in Kallang:

  • Boon Keng Fire Post
  • Mountbatten Fire Post

The Mountbatten Fire Post along Kampong Arang Road was opened in June 2001, becoming the first fire post in Singapore.[106]

The upcoming Kallang Fire Station along Guillemard Close is slated for completion in 2019. It will enhance emergency response to key areas in Kallang, including the Singapore Sports Hub, as well as the waterfront regions around Marina Bay and along the Kallang River.[107]

The former Serangoon Fire Station was built in 1952 and ceased operations in 2001. It was based at 1370 Serangoon Road, in Bendemeer subzone.[108]

During the colonial era, Singapore's fire fighting duty came under the Singapore Fire Brigade. By 1909, three fire stations were set up across Singapore, including the now-demolished Kallang Fire Station (not to be confused with the similarly-named new Kallang Fire Station on Guillemard Close).[109]

Postal service[edit]

Three of the post offices managed by the Singapore Post (SingPost) are based in Kallang:

  • City Square Post Office
  • Crawford Post Office
  • Towner Post Office

SingPost's Kallang Delivery Base is located along Jalan Lembah Kallang.

Housing[edit]

Condominiums along Tanjong Rhu Road at dusk, with Tanjong Rhu Footbridge across the Geylang River in the foreground.

As a result of Kallang's prime location just outside the Central Area, the urban planning strategy and land use policy therefore differ from towns that are established primarily for residential use (e.g. Pasir Ris and Choa Chu Kang). Housing precincts appear to be "discontinuous" and "scattered" in Kallang, as compared to the aforementioned towns with "clustered" and "concentrated" residential neighbourhoods. In Kallang, lands set aside for residential developments may be punctuated with commercial, industrial or lifestyle areas, resulting in a disjointed town layout.

Kallang is the main constituent unit of the Kallang/Whampoa New Town as defined by the Housing and Development Board (HDB). It is the only HDB town to extend across two separate planning areas (i.e. Kallang and Novena). Previously, Kallang was classified as an "estate" but HDB later reorganised the area and promoted it to "new town" status.

The first few residential precincts in Kallang, constructed by the HDB, were built in the 1970s and 1980s. Some housing blocks are planned to be reconstructed under the Selective En bloc Redevelopment Scheme (SERS) to redevelop Kallang where the demographics are dominated by the middle-aged.

New residential blocks which are around 30-storeys high are now prominent in the skyline of the area, with more being planned to be built under the new HDB construction policy. A notable major redevelopment is underway in the Old Kallang Airport Estate, where many of the low-rise blocks are currently unoccupied. New estates along Bendemeer Road and Upper Boon Keng Road are also popular options.

Kallang/Whampoa is the fourth most expensive HDB new town in terms of rental prices. The rental price of a median 4-room HDB unit in Kallang/Whampoa is S$2500, compared to the national average of S$2120.[110]

Aside from public housing (flats) built by HDB, condominiums that provide high-end living options can be found primarily in Tanjong Rhu, an affluent neighbourhood in southern Kallang. The precinct is in extreme close proximity to the Central Area located across the Kallang Basin and Marina Channel, as well as Gardens by the Bay (Bay East Garden). Condominium clusters can also be found along Saint Michael's Road and Moonstone Lane, within the subzone of Bendemeer.

Car-free residential area will be piloted in the subzone of Kampong Bugis, at the mouth of Kallang River. These new blocks will be part of a fenceless pedestrian-friendly waterfront community that was announced by the government in 2013.[111][112] Around 4000 new housing units will be ready by 2030. Soil treatment work at the former Kallang Gasworks site began in November 2018 and is expected to conclude in July 2022.[113]

The following HDB precincts are located in Kallang:

  • Beach Road Gardens
  • Bendemeer Court
  • Bendemeer Light
  • Bendemeer Ville
  • Boon Keng Ville
  • City View @ Boon Keng
  • Crawford Court
  • Di Tanjong Rhu
  • Dorset View
  • Farrer Park Gardens
  • Farrer Park View
  • Geylang Bahru Riverpoint
  • Geylang Bahru Ville
  • Golden Beach Vista
  • Kallang Heights
  • Kallang Residences (under construction)
  • Kallang Trivista
  • Kent Ville
  • Lavender Gardens
  • McNair Spring
  • McNair Towers
  • Saint George's East Gardens
  • Saint George's Towers
  • Saint George's West Gardens
  • South River View
  • The River Vista @ Kallang
  • Towner Heights
  • Upper Boon Keng Riverview

Transportation[edit]

The location of Kallang on the fringe of the Central Area is evidenced by its mature network of roads and developed public transport system. In addition, the headquarters of the Land Transport Authority (LTA) is situated along Hampshire Road, in the Kampong Java subzone.

Road network[edit]

Unlike towns which have a high concentration of housing developments, the roads in Kallang were not named using the numeric system. The name "Kallang" can be found in roads like Kallang Road, Kallang Bahru, Kallang Tengah, Kallang Sector, Kallang Pudding Road, Kallang Walk, Jalan Lembah Kallang, etc. Flyovers that bear the name "Kallang" are Kallang Bahru Flyover and Kallang Way Flyover. Expunged roads that had the name "Kallang" included Kallang Close and Kallang Square.[114]

Several roads opposite Saint Andrew's Village took their names from gemstones: Moonstone Lane, Opal Crescent, Topaz Road, etc.; some roads in Bendemeer subzone were named after saints: Saint Michael's Road, Saint George's Road, Saint Barnabas Lane, etc.; roads in the Kampong Java precinct were named after British locations: Dorset Road, Kent Road, Cambridge Road, etc.; some roads took their names from the villages that once stood in the area: Kampong Bugis, Padang Jeringau; some road names reference the former Kallang Airport and its aviation history: Old Airport Road, Dakota Crescent, Kallang Airport Way, Old Terminal Lane, etc.; roads within the Singapore Sports Hub reference the National Stadium: Stadium Boulevard, Stadium Walk, Stadium Place, etc.; roads within the Old Kallang Airport Estate are numbered in the Malay language: Jalan Satu, Jalan Empat, Jalan Enam, etc.; roads around the Lavender area were named after generals and admirals from Britain and France, as well as famous battle sites: Maude Road, Beatty Road, Jellicoe Road, Flanders Square, Somme Road, etc.

Evening scene of Jalan Besar at the junction with Allenby Road.

Woodsville Interchange along the triple-point boundary of Kallang, Geylang and Toa Payoh is a major traffic interchange consisting of at-grade junctions, the Woodsville Flyover and the new Woodsville Tunnel. Seven roads converge at Woodsville Interchange: Bendemeer Road, Serangoon Road, Upper Serangoon Road, MacPherson Road, Jalan Kolam Ayer, Jalan Toa Payoh and the Pan Island Expressway (PIE). The latest upgrading works were completed in January 2012.[115][116]

From 2014 to 2017, the Land Transport Authority (LTA) carried out a series of road improvement works in Kallang, including the widening of several major roads and traffic junctions in the area, as well as the construction of the Nicoll Underpass that links Sims Way, Nicoll Highway and Stadium Drive. These works aimed to support the development of the Kallang riverside, Singapore Sports Hub and Kallang Industrial Estate.[117]

The Singapore Underground Road System (SURS) was a proposed underground ring road that would encircle the Singapore city centre. Part of the suggested route included a section within Kallang, near Nicoll Highway, Lavender Street and Balestier Road. First conceptualised in the 1980s, the plan for the SURS was abandoned in August 2017.[118][119][120]

Major roads[edit]

The following roads connect Kallang with other parts of Singapore:

Other major roads that run within the boundaries of Kallang include Kallang Road, Kallang Bahru, Geylang Bahru, Boon Keng Road, Upper Boon Keng Road, Lavender Street, Crawford Street, Republic Avenue, Kitchener Road, Bendemeer Road and Tanjong Rhu Road.

Expressways[edit]

The following expressways pass through Kallang:

KPE consists of a 9 kilometres-long tunnel, which is the longest subterranean road tunnel in Southeast Asia.[121][122] During its construction, the KPE tunnel was the world's sixth longest underground road project.[123] Originally envisioned as two separate expressways, the 2.8 kilometres-long Kallang Expressway (KLE) and the 9.2 kilometres-long Paya Lebar Expressway (PLE), they were officially combined into one in 1991.[124] Plans to build the KLE surfaced as early as 1981, and would have become the shortest expressway in Singapore if it was not merged into the KPE.[125]

The future North–South Corridor (NSC) will link Kallang and the city centre with northern Singapore. The section of NSC within Kallang will be fully underground.[126]

Public transit[edit]

Rail[edit]

Platform level of Nicoll Highway MRT station on Republic Avenue.
Exit B of Bendemeer MRT station along Kallang Bahru.

Rail transport in Kallang exists as the Mass Rapid Transit (MRT). Kallang has the largest number of MRT stations outside of the Downtown Core, at 11, including the two stations currently under construction. At present, four MRT lines have stations in Kallang: East West Line, North East Line, Circle Line and Downtown Line.

The following stations are currently in service:[127]

Kallang will also be served by these upcoming stations on the Thomson–East Coast Line, slated for completion in 2023:

A 16 kilometres-long "Kallang Line" was mentioned in the 1996 White Paper published by the Land Transport Authority (LTA).[128] This MRT line was supposed to run along the banks of the Kallang River, connecting Ang Mo Kio MRT station in the north with Lavender MRT station in the south. The plan to build the Kallang Line was later shelved.

On 20 April 2004, a section of the Circle Line tunnel collapsed during construction. This accident became known as the "Nicoll Highway collapse" and happened west of the Merdeka Bridge, near present-day Nicoll Highway MRT station.

Bus[edit]

Kallang is served by an established bus network that connects the area with other parts of Singapore. Unlike other towns, Kallang does not have its own feeder bus services which ply between the neighbourhoods of Kallang, likely due to the relatively fewer housing precincts in Kallang as compared to other new towns that are established primarily for residential purpose.

Lorong 1 Geylang Bus Terminal is the only bus terminal located in Kallang. It sits opposite Kallang MRT station, along its namesake Lorong 1 Geylang. The Kallang area has no bus interchange or Integrated Transport Hub (ITH).

The former Crawford Street Bus Terminal was situated near the traffic junction of Crawford Street and North Bridge Road. Bus services that used to operate from this bus terminal were moved to Lorong 1 Geylang Bus Terminal when it ceased operations in 1998.[129]

Air travel[edit]

The conserved terminal building of the old Kallang Airport, viewed from Nicoll Highway.

Kallang played a significant role in Singapore's aviation history, being the location of the country's first aircraft landing and home to its first purpose-built civil airport, the Kallang Airport.[40]

Opened on 12 June 1937 by Sir Shenton Thomas, the then-Governor of the Straits Settlements, Kallang Airport had the advantages of combined facilities for both land and marine aircraft. It was hailed as the "finest airport in the British Empire" at that time.[63]

During its 18 years in service, the Kallang Airport played host to numerous high-profile celebrities such as Governor of Singapore Sir John Fearns Nicoll, former Premier of China Zhou Enlai, and renowned Chinese businessman and philanthropist Tan Kah Kee, among others.[130][131]

Due to an increase in passenger traffic, the Singapore International Airport (modern-day Paya Lebar Air Base) was later built in Paya Lebar to replace the Kallang Airport which eventually ceased operations in 1955. The airport's terminal building was conserved alongside the hangar, gate posts, lamp posts and several other buildings.[132] The terminal building was subsequently converted into the People's Association (PA) headquarters on 1 July 1960. The organisation occupied the building until 6 April 2009 when it moved to its current location at King George's Avenue, also in Kallang. Other groups that used to be based at the Kallang Airport site include the Singapore Youth Sports Council, the Public Works Department (the predecessor of CPG Corporation) and Central Manpower Base (CMPB).[63] The conserved Kallang Airport complex is currently unoccupied and restricted from public access.

Today, legacies of the old Kallang Airport remain. Roads such as Old Airport Road (named as such because it was the eastern boundary of the Kallang Airport),[133] Kallang Airport Drive, Kallang Airport Way and Old Terminal Lane bear reference to the Kallang Airport. A signboard with the words "Kallang Airport" is standing at the junction of Old Airport Road and Cassia Link, in front of 95 Old Airport Road. Dakota Crescent, Dakota Close and Dakota MRT station are named after the Douglas DC-3 "Dakota" aircraft that used to frequently land at the Kallang Airport, and serve to commemorate an aviation disaster in 1946. The residential precincts on either side of Old Airport Road are collectively called the "Old Kallang Airport Estate".

The conserved Kallang Airport building was one of the hosting venues of the 2011 Singapore Biennale.[134] The decision to hold this art festival at the old Kallang Airport was controversial, with negative opinions surrounding the building's poor ventilation and inaccessibility.[135]

There are plans to redevelop the Kallang Airport area into a commercial hub, along with the nearby Kallang riverside. This proposed plan is known as "Old Airport Square", as envisioned by the Urban Redevelopment Authority (URA) Master Plan 2008.[136]

Predating the Kallang Airport, Singapore's first aircraft landing took place at the Farrer Park Field on 4 December 1919, when Captain Ross Smith touched down in a Vickers Vimy along with three other crew members.[36][137]

Sports[edit]

The new National Stadium is part of the Singapore Sports Hub. Tanjong Rhu and Kallang Basin are seen in the foreground, with developments in Geylang and Marine Parade seen in the background.
The entrance of the OCBC Arena at the Singapore Sports Hub.

Kallang occupies an important position in Singapore's sporting culture and history, particularly due to the several iconic sports locations sited within its boundaries, as well as the numerous high-profile sporting events held there. Famous sports facilities include the old National Stadium, the Jalan Besar Stadium, the Farrer Park Field, and the Singapore Sports Hub.

Kallang is notable for being the location of the former National Stadium (nicknamed the "Grand Old Dame of Kallang")[138] and the new Singapore Sports Hub which was built on the same site to replace the former. The latter is the flagship development in Kallang and includes the new National Stadium, the Singapore Indoor Stadium, the OCBC Aquatic Centre, the OCBC Arena, the Kallang Wave Mall, the Singapore Sports Museum, the Sports Hub Library, as well as several other sports facilities. The Singapore Sports Hub is the only "Tier 1" facility under the Sports Facilities Master Plan.[139] The Singapore national football team is based at the new National Stadium.[140]

Aside from being a traditional location for hosting the National Day Parade (NDP), the old National Stadium also played host to numerous notable cultural and sports events, including those of the Malaysia Cup, where loud cheers and stamping of feet gave birth to the famous "Kallang Roar".[141] The famous "Kallang Wave" is a type of Mexican wave that often took place in the old National Stadium during those games. Both the Kallang Roar and Kallang Wave are considered to be symbols of national unity. The 1973, 1983 and 1993 Southeast Asian Games used the old National Stadium as its ceremony venue.

The future Kallang Football Hub will replace the current Kallang Field, and is expected to be ready by the third quarter of 2019. It will incorporate three full-sized football pitches, four sheltered futsal pitches, a running track and a gymnasium. Other than serving as an alternative training ground for the Singapore national football team, the Kallang Football Hub will also be open to the public.[142]

The Kallang Field located along Stadium Boulevard hosted the archery events during the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics. The adjacent Kallang Tennis Centre, which is a frequent training ground for the Singapore national tennis team, hosted the tennis games.[48]

The Kallang Ground is another sporting venue located in Kallang, and has played host to several One Day International cricket matches. In more recent times, it is mainly used to host domestic competitions and minor international matches such as those between Singapore and Malaysia. Kallang Ground was home to the Singapore national cricket team for 21 years.[143]

Other sports facilities located along Stadium Boulevard and constitute the Kallang Sports Centre include the Kallang Practice Track, Kallang Lawn Bowl, Kallang Squash Centre and Kallang Netball Court.[144]

Jalan Besar Stadium is another iconic sports stadium located in Kallang, within the close proximity of Jalan Besar, hence its name. Jalan Besar Stadium is considered to be the "birthplace of Singapore football",[145] and is where the Football Association of Singapore is based. During the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics, the stadium hosted the football games.[48]

Swimming pools managed by Sport Singapore are located at Kallang Basin Swimming Complex and Jalan Besar Swimming Complex, along Geylang Bahru Lane and Tyrwhitt Road respectively. The Singapore Swimming Club along Tanjong Rhu Road was established in 1894 by a group of Europeans.[146]

Also maintained by Sport Singapore and located within Kallang, the Farrer Park Field (formerly known simply as "Farrer Park") along Rutland Road is an amalgamation of one soccer field and one rugby field. Previously, it was home to the Singapore Sporting Club and Serangoon Road Race Course, the latter of which was Singapore's first race course. The nearby Race Course Road and Race Course Lane bear witness to the site's horse racing past. The Farrer Park Field is also a significant location in Singapore's football, aviation and political histories.[137][41] It will be vacated by mid-2020 for future residential development.[147]

The Kallang Basin is a favourite location for water sports like dragon boating, water skiing and canoeing. Located at Stadium Lane, the Kallang Water Sports Centre provides boat rental and various related services. In addition, the nearby Singapore Sports Hub also has a dedicated Water Sports Centre that provides similar services.

Operated by the People's Association (PA) and located along Rhu Cross, PAssion WaVe @ Marina Bay offers water-themed activities. It is the first "Specialist CC" and the eighth Water-Venture outlet in Singapore,[148] built to replace the Water-Venture (Kallang) which was located at 4876 Beach Road. The facility of the former Water-Venture (Kallang) currently houses the Kallang branch of the Waterways Watch Society (WWS).

The northeastern section (Turn 1, Turn 2, Turn 3) of the Marina Bay Street Circuit is located in Kallang. The Marina Bay Street Circuit is the venue of the annual Formula One (F1) Singapore Grand Prix. Several F1-related developments, such as a grandstand and first aid facilities, are also situated in Kallang.[149]

The former headquarters of the Singapore Sports Council (the preceding entity of Sport Singapore) was located at 15 Stadium Road. Currently, the Sport Singapore headquarters is situated at 3 Stadium Drive, within the Singapore Sports Hub.

Kallang was the hosting site for numerous matches of the 2015 Southeast Asian Games. The new National Stadium was the venue for its opening and closing ceremonies, as well as the host for the athletics and football matches. Netball, basketball, fencing, indoor volleyball, as well as the billiards and snooker games were conducted at the OCBC Arena. The Singapore Indoor Stadium held the badminton and table tennis matches. The OCBC Aquatic Centre was the location of the diving, swimming, synchronised swimming and water polo games. The Kallang Squash Centre, Kallang Tennis Centre, Kallang Ground, Kallang Field and Kallang Practice Track hosted the squash, tennis, archery, softball and marathon games respectively. Jalan Besar Stadium also conducted the football games, in addition to the new National Stadium.

Farrer Park Field was the site of the Serangoon Road Race Course from 1842 to 1933, as well as Singapore's first aircraft landing in 1919.

Future developments[edit]

The Urban Redevelopment Authority (URA) has proposed to transform Kallang into a lifestyle and commercial hub, with the Kallang River and Singapore Sports Hub as the centrepieces of the town.[127][150]

Residential[edit]

The Dakota Crescent estate along Old Airport Road is slated for redevelopment. These housing blocks are currently unoccupied.

Over the next two decades, around 100,000 new housing units will be built. Kampong Bugis will be developed into a car-lite waterfront community.[112][151] New housing estates are also planned at Dakota Crescent, Lorong 3 Geylang and the area now occupied by the Farrer Park Field.[152][153][147]

Lifestyle[edit]

A new promenade along the Kallang River has been announced. It aims to seamlessly connect areas at the upstream of the river such as Bishan to the Downtown Core. More specifically, the construction of underpasses and bridges have been proposed as viable options to improve the connectivity at major traffic junctions.[154]

Connectivity[edit]

Two new Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) stations, namely Tanjong Rhu MRT station and Katong Park MRT station, on the Thomson–East Coast Line are under construction. Once ready by 2023, these two stations will serve southern Kallang, particularly the affluent communities along Tanjong Rhu Road.

The upcoming North–South Corridor (NSC) will enhance connectivity between Kallang, Toa Payoh, Bishan, Ang Mo Kio, Yishun and Woodlands.[126] It is slated for completion in 2026.[155]

Amenities[edit]

The upcoming Kallang Fire Station situated at the junction of Guillemard Road and Guillemard Close will be the 22nd fire station operated by the Singapore Civil Defence Force (SCDF), with a target completion date in 2019. Other than hosting the fire department, Kallang Fire Station will also house a Home Team Joint Facility, which will act as a key command for the Home Team during major event standbys and joint operations in Kallang.[107]

A new 10-storey polyclinic will be built in Kallang by 2020, as announced by the Ministry of Health (MOH). It will be located near the junction of Serangoon Road and Balestier Road, adjacent to Kwong Wai Shiu Hospital.[86][156]

Master Plan 2014[edit]

According to the Urban Redevelopment Authority (URA) Master Plan 2014, the following lands in Kallang will see future redevelopment:[157]

  • Geylang Bahru Industrial Estate along Geylang Bahru Terrace is marked as a residential site, as is the land currently occupied by the Kallang Distripark;
  • Land parcels on the eastern bank of the Kallang River, along Old Terminal Lane and Stadium Road, are marked as hotel sites;
  • Lands around the conserved Kallang Airport complex are marked as "white" sites which allow for more flexible planning (white sites are rare outside of the Central Area);
  • Lands along Nicoll Highway, Republic Avenue and Republic Boulevard are reserve sites, as are the lands between the Kallang River and Kallang Place, as well as those along Jalan Benaan Kapal and Stadium Crescent.

Popular culture[edit]

Kallang is heavily featured in the 2008 sports film Kallang Roar the Movie, of which the events leading up to Singapore winning the 1977 Malaysia Cup take centrestage. Filming took place at the old National Stadium where some of the football matches happened.

The 2016 Mediacorp drama Hero is set primarily in the residential precinct of Dakota Crescent, within the Old Kallang Airport Estate.

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b "Kallang (Planning Area, Singapore) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map and Location". Citypopulation.de. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
  2. ^ a b "HDB Key Statistics FY 2013/2014" (PDF). 20.hdb.gov.sg. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
  3. ^ "Statistics Singapore - Geographic Distribution - 2018 Latest Data". Retrieved 11 February 2019.
  4. ^ a b "Map B : Planning Areas" (GIF). Ura.gov.sg. Retrieved 7 June 2018.
  5. ^ "Kallang – A Trailblazer". Roots.sg. 2018. Retrieved 10 February 2019.
  6. ^ a b "A return to the Grand Old Dame". Straitstimes.com. 8 August 2016. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
  7. ^ Peng, Ng Yew (28 September 2017). What's In The Name? How The Streets And Villages In Singapore Got Their Names. World Scientific. ISBN 9789813221475. Retrieved 3 June 2018 – via Google Books.
  8. ^ a b c d "A Little History along the Kallang River". Remembersingapore.org. 1 November 2016. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
  9. ^ "Urban Redevelopment Authority". Ura.gov.sg. Retrieved 12 December 2023.
  10. ^ "Kallang / Whampoa - Housing & Development Board (HDB)".
  11. ^ "population2016-map1" (PDF). Singapore Department of Statistics. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 September 2017. Retrieved 23 December 2017.
  12. ^ a b "Singapore's Geylang Planning Area". Key Location. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
  13. ^ a b "Singapore's Rochor Planning Area". Key Location. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
  14. ^ "Singapore: Subdivision (Planning Areas and Subzones) - Population Statistics, Charts and Map".
  15. ^ "Characteristics of residual soils in Singapore as formed by weathering" (PDF). Civil.eng.usm.my. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
  16. ^ Dr Cai Jun Gang (July 2012). "Geology of Singapore : Tritech Consultants Pte Ltd" (PDF). Srmeg.org.sg. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
  17. ^ a b "Topographic map Singapore". topographic-map.com. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
  18. ^ "Lower and Upper Peirce reservoirs". Eresources.nlb.gov.sg. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
  19. ^ "Urban Redevelopment Authority". Urban Redevelopment Authority. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
  20. ^ "The cleaning up of Singapore River and Kallang Basin (1977-1987)". Otterman.wordpress.com. 23 September 2012. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
  21. ^ "Local flavour for navy ships". The Straits Times. Singapore Press Holdings. 28 June 1993.
  22. ^ "PUB, Singapore's National Water Agency". PUB, Singapore's National Water Agency. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
  23. ^ "PUB Catchment Maps".
  24. ^ "Merdeka Bridge | Infopedia".
  25. ^ "Benjamin Sheares Bridge | Infopedia".
  26. ^ "Tanjong Rhu Road | Infopedia".
  27. ^ a b "Mukim Boundaries Map (Key Map of Singapore Metric Map Sheets …". Nas.gov.sg. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
  28. ^ a b "SLA Land Survey District". Data.gov.sg. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
  29. ^ "Map Of The Island Of Singapore And Its Dependencies". Nas.gov.sg. Retrieved 10 February 2019.
  30. ^ a b c d "NLB BiblioAsia".
  31. ^ "Off The Record » Introducing the NAS Map Collection". Nas.gov.sg. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
  32. ^ Benjamin, Geoffrey; Chou, Cynthia (3 June 2018). Tribal Communities in the Malay World: Historical, Cultural and Social Perspectives. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN 9789812301673. Retrieved 3 June 2018 – via Google Books.
  33. ^ "Entity Page (borrow from entity title)". Archived from the original on 11 July 2018.
  34. ^ Savage, Victor R.; Yeoh, Brenda (15 June 2013). Singapore Street Names: A Study of Toponymics. Marshall Cavendish International Asia Pte Ltd. ISBN 9789814484749. Retrieved 3 June 2018 – via Google Books.
  35. ^ "The Waning Crescent of Dakota". Ghettosingapore.com. 19 August 2014. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
  36. ^ a b "First airplane to land in Singapore". Eresources.nlb.gov.sg. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
  37. ^ "The fall of Singapore: Shades of grey | The Straits Times". 25 February 2017.
  38. ^ "5 things to remember about Dakota Crescent". Straitstimes.com. 25 July 2014. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
  39. ^ "Dakota Crescent Neighbourhood". Lostnfiledsg.wordpress.com. 12 September 2014. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
  40. ^ a b "Former Kallang Airport building | Infopedia".
  41. ^ a b "Eye on Farrer Park: Perks of the Park life". Propertyguru.com.sg. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
  42. ^ "Old Kallang Airport, an image of our past – The Heartlander Tourist". 21 February 2014.
  43. ^ "Communal riots of 1964". Eresources.nlb.gov.sg. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
  44. ^ "Old time capsule not found, but Singapore has new one to preserve local athletes' legacy". Straitstimes.com. 15 February 2016. Retrieved 21 February 2019.
  45. ^ "Kallang Theatre". Apactix.com. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
  46. ^ "Nicoll Highway collapse". Eresources.nlb.gov.sg. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
  47. ^ "Nicoll Highway MRT Station - Land Transport Guru". Eresources.nlb.gov.sg. 29 February 2016. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
  48. ^ a b c "2010 YOG Fixtures – RED SPORTS". Redsports.sg. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
  49. ^ "NDP 2016: Kallang Wave roars through National Stadium as Singapore celebrates 51st birthday". Straitstimes.com. 9 August 2016. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
  50. ^ "Stamford Raffles's landing in Singapore | Infopedia".
  51. ^ "Kallang Riverside Park : State of Buildings".
  52. ^ "Central Sikh Temple". Roots.sg. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
  53. ^ "Kallang Gasworks". Roots.sg. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
  54. ^ "Merdeka Bridge". Roots.sg. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
  55. ^ "Balestier Plain". Roots.sg. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
  56. ^ "Kallang Airport". Roots.sg. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
  57. ^ "Farrer Park". Roots.sg. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
  58. ^ "Jalan Besar Stadium". Roots.sg. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
  59. ^ "Urban Redevelopment Authority". Urban Redevelopment Authority. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
  60. ^ "URA SPACE". Ura.gov.sg. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
  61. ^ "Merdeka Bridge". Eresources.nlb.gov.sg. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
  62. ^ "Amelia Earhart called Kallang Airport the aviation miracle of the east". Straitstimes.com. 9 December 2017. Retrieved 7 June 2018.
  63. ^ a b c "Former Kallang Airport building". Eresources.nlb.gov.sg. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
  64. ^ "Conservation Portal -".
  65. ^ "Golden Mile Complex Singapore's Little Thailand - Singapore Illustrations & Stock Photos | Singapore Experience, curated". 6 August 2021.
  66. ^ "An Old Riverine Temple at Sungei Kallang". remembersingapore.org/. Retrieved 30 August 2023.
  67. ^ "About CST – CSGB". sikhs.org.sg. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
  68. ^ "Sri Srinivasa Perumal Temple". Eresources.nlb.gov.sg. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
  69. ^ "Former National Aerated Water Factory building to be gazetted for conservation". Channelnewsasia.com. Retrieved 7 June 2018.
  70. ^ "Kallang Gasworks". Eresources.nlb.gov.sg. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
  71. ^ "Our Milestones - City Gas". Citygas.com.sg. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
  72. ^ "New World Park". Eresources.nlb.gov.sg. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
  73. ^ "Gay World (Happy World)". Eresources.nlb.gov.sg. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
  74. ^ "Fields of Dreams - A Tribute to the National Stadium". Sport Singapore. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
  75. ^ "Mall at Singapore Sports Hub to be named Kallang Wave". Straitstimes.com. 14 May 2014. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
  76. ^ "13th Parliament of Singapore - Google My Maps". Google My Maps. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
  77. ^ "Interactive: Battleground Singapore - Who's standing where". Straitstimes.com. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
  78. ^ "General Election 2015: Live and real-time election results". Straitstimes.com. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
  79. ^ "Singapore Maps: SG Electoral Map 2011". Sgmaps.blogspot.com. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
  80. ^ Meixian, Lee. "URA to revitalise Kallang River precinct". Businesstimes.com.sg. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
  81. ^ "Where slipways once lined the muddy banks of the Geylang River: Jalan Benaan Kapal". Thelongwindingroad.wordpress.com. 25 January 2010. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
  82. ^ "The curious ridge of sand which runs from Katong to Kallang Bay". 25 November 2012.
  83. ^ "CHOOSING YOUR SECONDARY SCHOOLS FOR ADMISSION TO SECONDARY ONE IN 2017" (PDF). Moe.gov.sg. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
  84. ^ a b c "Primary Schools by Planning Area in Year 2019". Moe.gov.sg. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
  85. ^ "Urban Redevelopment Authority". Ura.gov.sg. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
  86. ^ a b "MOH to build up to 8 new polyclinics by 2030". Channelnewsasia.com. Retrieved 7 June 2018.
  87. ^ "MOH to loosen Medisave use, increase polys". Straitstimes.com. 8 March 2018. Retrieved 7 June 2018.
  88. ^ "Build SG - BCA" (PDF).
  89. ^ "Community Clubs - People's Association". Pa.gov.sg. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
  90. ^ "Kallang Riverside Park". National Parks Board. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
  91. ^ "Kallang Riverside Park could be redeveloped". Straitstimes.com. 27 December 2016. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
  92. ^ "PCN : Central Urban Loop" (PDF). Nparks.gov.sg. Retrieved 7 June 2018.
  93. ^ "Park Connector Network". National Parks Board. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
  94. ^ "Coastal Park Connector". National Parks Board. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
  95. ^ "Jurong Park Connector". National Parks Board. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
  96. ^ "Kallang Park Connector". National Parks Board. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
  97. ^ "PUB, Singapore's National Water Agency". PUB, Singapore's National Water Agency. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
  98. ^ "Kallang River to be transformed into recreation hub". Todayonline.com. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
  99. ^ "Geylang Park Connector". National Parks Board. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
  100. ^ "Pelton Canal Park Connector". National Parks Board. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
  101. ^ "Whampoa Park Connector". National Parks Board. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
  102. ^ "Tanjong Rhu Promenade". National Parks Board. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
  103. ^ "Kampong Java Park". National Parks Board. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
  104. ^ "Kampong Java Park beside KKH to close permanently from end-August to make way for North-South Corridor tunnel". Straitstimes.com. 17 August 2018. Retrieved 10 February 2019.
  105. ^ "Singapore Police Force Annual Report 2006". Singapore Police Force. Archived from the original on 7 June 2007. Retrieved 22 April 2007.
  106. ^ "Singapore Civil Defence Force | Infopedia".
  107. ^ a b "Ministry of Home Affairs". Hometeam.sg. Retrieved 3 June 2018.[permanent dead link]
  108. ^ "SCDF Heritage Gallery – Singapore's Firefighting History". 22 August 2014.
  109. ^ "Singapore Fire Brigade | Infopedia".
  110. ^ "The cheapest and most expensive areas to live in Singapore". 5 May 2018.
  111. ^ "URA Draft Master Plan 2013: More housing in Holland Village, Kampong Bugis and new Marina South district". Straitstimes.com. 20 November 2013. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
  112. ^ a b "Urban Redevelopment Authority". Urban Redevelopment Authority. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
  113. ^ "Land acquisition, soil treatment at former Kallang Gasworks for Kampong Bugis redevelopment". Channelnewsasia.com. Retrieved 7 June 2018.
  114. ^ "Singapore Historical Map".
  115. ^ "Features - Upgrading of Woodsville Interchange - Projects - Roads & Motoring - Land Transport Authority". Lta.gov.sg. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
  116. ^ "Maps - Upgrading of Woodsville Interchange - Projects - Roads & Motoring - Land Transport Authority". Lta.gov.sg. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
  117. ^ "Road Improvements in Kallang Area - Projects - Roads & Motoring - Land Transport Authority". Lta.gov.sg. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
  118. ^ "Singapore scraps underground road network plans for city; land owners to have greater flexibility in land use". Straitstimes.com. 29 August 2017. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
  119. ^ "Plans for underground road network scrapped". Straitstimes.com. 30 August 2017. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
  120. ^ "Plans for underground road network around CBD scrapped". Todayonline.com. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
  121. ^ "Kallang-Paya Lebar Expressway (KPE)". Eresources.nlb.gov.sg. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
  122. ^ "Kallang-Paya Lebar Expressway (KPE) - Projects - Roads & Motoring - Land Transport Authority". Lta.gov.sg. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
  123. ^ Christopher Tan, "It's the first-ever ad blitz – for a highway", The Straits Times, 27 November 2006
  124. ^ "Kallang-Paya Lebar Expressway (KPE) | Infopedia".
  125. ^ "The Beginning of Singapore's Expressways". 29 April 2018.
  126. ^ a b "Key Plan : Map" (PDF). Lta.gov.sg. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
  127. ^ a b "Urban Redevelopment Authority" (PDF). Urban Redevelopment Authority. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 April 2018. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
  128. ^ "A World Class Public Transport System : White Paper" (PDF). Lta.gov.sg. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
  129. ^ "Those Years when We Waited for Our Buses Together". 28 October 2012.
  130. ^ "Secret Behind the Explosion of the Aircraft Kashmir Princess".
  131. ^ Yong, Ching Fatt; Gonzalo, Julio Antonio; Carreira, Manuel Mar¡a (2014). Tan Kah-kee: The Making of an Overseas Chinese Legend. ISBN 9789814447904.
  132. ^ "Old Kallang Airport". Remembersingapore.org. 23 July 2012. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
  133. ^ "Map of Singapore City".
  134. ^ "Singapore Biennale | Infopedia".
  135. ^ "Kallang Indoor Stadium".
  136. ^ "Urban Redevelopment Authority". Ura.gov.sg. Archived from the original on 17 July 2018. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
  137. ^ a b "The Sporting Legacy of Farrer Park". Ghettosingapore.com. 7 October 2013. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
  138. ^ "FFT's Best Stadiums: Remembering the Grand Old Dame of Kallang". Fourfourtwo.com. 25 November 2017. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
  139. ^ "Parliament: Punggol and Sembawang sports centres to open by 2021". Straitstimes.com. 8 March 2018. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
  140. ^ "Football: National Stadium will be Lions' official den". Straitstimes.com. 17 November 2017. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
  141. ^ "Kallang Wave debuts in new National Stadium". Straitstimes.com. 10 August 2016. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
  142. ^ "Tender to be called for Kallang Football Hub". Tnp.sg. 1 June 2018. Retrieved 7 June 2018.
  143. ^ "Singapore cricket's SEA Games plans affected after losing Kallang ground". Todayonline.com. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
  144. ^ "Kallang Sports Centre - ActiveSG". ActiveSG. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
  145. ^ "Jalan Besar Stadium". Singapore2010.sg. 11 September 2012. Archived from the original on 11 September 2012. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
  146. ^ "Singapore Swimming Club". Eresources.nlb.gov.sg. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
  147. ^ a b Aziz, Sazali Abdul (31 March 2018). "Farrer Park to make way for redevelopment". Straits Times. Retrieved 23 December 2019.
  148. ^ "First waterfront CC opens at Marina Bay". Straitstimes.com. 11 October 2015. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
  149. ^ "Formula 1 Singapore Airlines Singapore Grand Prix 2021".
  150. ^ "Urban Redevelopment Authority". Ura.gov.sg. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
  151. ^ "Kampong Bugis set for major makeover". Straitstimes.com. 12 March 2017. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
  152. ^ "Dakota Crescent to be redeveloped for public housing; iconic dove playground and parts of estate to be retained". Straitstimes.com. 11 December 2017. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
  153. ^ "SLA to take over land at Lorong 3 Geylang when lease expires in 2020". Channelnewsasia.com. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
  154. ^ "Urban Redevelopment Authority". Ura.gov.sg. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
  155. ^ "North-South Corridor - Projects - Roads & Motoring - Land Transport Authority". Lta.gov.sg. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
  156. ^ "Tiong Seng awarded $48 mil contract for MOH polyclinic project". 21 May 2018.
  157. ^ "URA SPACE v2". Archived from the original on 24 July 2018.

Sources[edit]

  • Victor R Savage, Brenda S A Yeoh (2003), Toponymics – A Study of Singapore Street Names, Eastern Universities Press, ISBN 981-210-205-1

External links[edit]

Media related to Kallang at Wikimedia Commons