Ḍa (Indic)

Ḍa (also romanized as Dda) is a consonant of Indic abugidas. In modern Indic scripts, Ḍa is derived from the early "Ashoka" Brahmi letter after having gone through the Gupta letter. As with the other cerebral consonants, ḍa is not found in most scripts for Tai, Sino-Tibetan, and other non-Indic languages, except for a few scripts, which retain these letters for transcribing Sanskrit religious terms.

Āryabhaṭa numeration
Aryabhata used Devanagari letters for numbers, very similar to the Greek numerals, even after the invention of Indian numerals. The values of the different forms of ठ are:
 * ड = 13 (१३)
 * डि = 1,300 (१ ३००)
 * डु = 130,000 (१ ३० ०००)
 * डृ = 13,000,000 (१ ३० ०० ०००)
 * डॢ = 1,300,000,000 (१ ३० ०० ०० ०००)
 * डे = 13 (१३×१०१०)
 * डै = 13 (१३×१०१२)
 * डो = 13 (१३×१०१४)
 * डौ = 13 (१३×१०१६)

Historic Ḍa
There are three different general early historic scripts - Brahmi and its variants, Kharoṣṭhī, and Tocharian, the so-called slanting Brahmi. Ḍa as found in standard Brahmi, was a simple geometric shape, with variations toward more flowing forms by the Gupta. The Tocharian Ḍa did not have an alternate Fremdzeichen form. The third form of ḍa, in Kharoshthi was probably derived from Aramaic separately from the Brahmi letter.

Brahmi Ḍa
The Brahmi letter, Ḍa, is probably derived from the altered Aramaic Dalet , and is thus related to the modern Latin D and Greek Delta. Several identifiable styles of writing the Brahmi Ḍa can be found, most associated with a specific set of inscriptions from an artifact or diverse records from an historic period. As the earliest and most geometric style of Brahmi, the letters found on the Edicts of Ashoka and other records from around that time are normally the reference form for Brahmi letters, with vowel marks not attested until later forms of Brahmi back-formed to match the geometric writing style.

Tocharian Ḍa
The Tocharian letter is derived from the Brahmi, but does not have an alternate Fremdzeichen form.

Kharoṣṭhī Ḍa
The Kharoṣṭhī letter is generally accepted as being derived from the altered Aramaic Dalet, and is thus related to D and Delta, in addition to the Brahmi Ḍa.

Devanagari Ḍa
Ḍa (ड) is a consonant of the Devanagari abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter, after having gone through the Gupta letter. Letters that derive from it are the Gujarati letter ડ, and the Modi letter 𑘚.

Devanagari-using Languages
In all languages, ड is pronounced as or  when appropriate. Like all Indic scripts, Devanagari uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:

Conjuncts with ड
Devanagari exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts. In modern Devanagari texts, most conjuncts are formed by reducing the letter shape to fit tightly to the following letter, usually by dropping a character's vertical stem, sometimes referred to as a "half form". Some conjunct clusters are always represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters. Vertically stacked conjuncts are ubiquitous in older texts, while only a few are still used routinely in modern Devanagari texts. Lacking a vertical stem to drop for making a half form, Ḍa either forms a stacked conjunct/ligature, or uses its full form with Virama. The use of ligatures and vertical conjuncts may vary across languages using the Devanagari script, with Marathi in particular avoiding their use where other languages would use them.

Ligature conjuncts of ड
True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Devanagari are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. Those variants include Na and the Repha and Rakar forms of Ra. Nepali and Marathi texts use the "eyelash" Ra half form for an initial "R" instead of repha.
 * Repha र্ (r) + ड (ḍa) gives the ligature rḍa:
 * Eyelash र্ (r) + ड (ḍa) gives the ligature rḍa:
 * ड্ (ḍ) + rakar र (ra) gives the ligature ḍra:
 * ड্ (ḍ) + य (ya) gives the ligature ḍya:

Stacked conjuncts of ड
Vertically stacked ligatures are the most common conjunct forms found in Devanagari text. Although the constituent characters may need to be stretched and moved slightly in order to stack neatly, stacked conjuncts can be broken down into recognizable base letters, or a letter and an otherwise standard ligature.
 * ब্ (b) + ड (ḍa) gives the ligature bḍa:
 * भ্ (bʰ) + ड (ḍa) gives the ligature bʰḍa:
 * च্ (c) + ड (ḍa) gives the ligature cḍa:
 * छ্ (cʰ) + ड (ḍa) gives the ligature cʰḍa:
 * ड্ (ḍ) + ब (ba) gives the ligature ḍba:
 * ड্ (ḍ) + भ (bʰa) gives the ligature ḍbʰa:
 * ड্ (ḍ) + च (ca) gives the ligature ḍca:
 * ड্ (ḍ) + छ (cʰa) gives the ligature ḍcʰa:
 * ड্ (ḍ) + द (da) gives the ligature ḍda:
 * द্ (d) + ड (ḍa) gives the ligature dḍa:
 * ड্ (ḍ) + ड (ḍa) gives the ligature ḍḍa:
 * ड্ (ḍ) + ढ (ḍʱa) gives the ligature ḍḍʱa:
 * ड্ (ḍ) + ध (dʱa) gives the ligature ḍdʱa:
 * ड্ (ḍ) + ग (ga) gives the ligature ḍga:
 * ड্ (ḍ) + घ (ɡʱa) gives the ligature ḍɡʱa:
 * ड্ (ḍ) + ह (ha) gives the ligature ḍha:
 * ढ্ (ḍʱ) + ड (ḍa) gives the ligature ḍʱḍa:
 * ड্ (ḍ) + ज (ja) gives the ligature ḍja:
 * ड্ (ḍ) + झ (jʰa) gives the ligature ḍjʰa:
 * ड্ (ḍ) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature ḍjña:
 * ड্ (ḍ) + क (ka) gives the ligature ḍka:
 * ड্ (ḍ) + ख (kʰa) gives the ligature ḍkʰa:
 * ड্ (ḍ) + क্ (k) + ष (ṣa) gives the ligature ḍkṣa:
 * ड্ (ḍ) + ल (la) gives the ligature ḍla:
 * ड্ (ḍ) + ळ (ḷa) gives the ligature ḍḷa:
 * ड্ (ḍ) + म (ma) gives the ligature ḍma:
 * ड্ (ḍ) + न (na) gives the ligature ḍna:
 * ड্ (ḍ) + ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature ḍŋa:
 * ड্ (ḍ) + ण (ṇa) gives the ligature ḍṇa:
 * ड্ (ḍ) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature ḍña:
 * ड্ (ḍ) + प (pa) gives the ligature ḍpa:
 * ड্ (ḍ) + फ (pʰa) gives the ligature ḍpʰa:
 * ड্ (ḍ) + स (sa) gives the ligature ḍsa:
 * ड্ (ḍ) + श (ʃa) gives the ligature ḍʃa:
 * ड্ (ḍ) + ष (ṣa) gives the ligature ḍṣa:
 * ड্ (ḍ) + त (ta) gives the ligature ḍta:
 * ड্ (ḍ) + थ (tʰa) gives the ligature ḍtʰa:
 * ड্ (ḍ) + ट (ṭa) gives the ligature ḍṭa:
 * ड্ (ḍ) + ठ (ṭʰa) gives the ligature ḍṭʰa:
 * ड্ (ḍ) + व (va) gives the ligature ḍva:
 * ध্ (dʱ) + ड (ḍa) gives the ligature dʱḍa:
 * घ্ (ɡʱ) + ड (ḍa) gives the ligature ɡʱḍa:
 * ज্ (j) + ड (ḍa) gives the ligature jḍa:
 * झ্ (jʰ) + ड (ḍa) gives the ligature jʰḍa:
 * क্ (k) + ड (ḍa) gives the ligature kḍa:
 * ख্ (kʰ) + ड (ḍa) gives the ligature kʰḍa:
 * ळ্ (ḷ) + ड (ḍa) gives the ligature ḷḍa:
 * म্ (m) + ड (ḍa) gives the ligature mḍa:
 * ङ্ (ŋ) + ड (ḍa) gives the ligature ŋḍa:
 * प্ (p) + ड (ḍa) gives the ligature pḍa:
 * फ্ (pʰ) + ड (ḍa) gives the ligature pʰḍa:
 * ष্ (ṣ) + ड (ḍa) gives the ligature ṣḍa:
 * थ্ (tʰ) + ड (ḍa) gives the ligature tʰḍa:
 * ट্ (ṭ) + ड (ḍa) gives the ligature ṭḍa:
 * ठ্ (ṭʰ) + ड (ḍa) gives the ligature ṭʰḍa:
 * व্ (v) + ड (ḍa) gives the ligature vḍa:
 * य্ (y) + ड (ḍa) gives the ligature yḍa:

Bengali Ḍa
The Bengali script ড is derived from the Siddhaṃ, and is marked by a similar horizontal head line, but less geometric shape, than its Devanagari counterpart, ड. The inherent vowel of Bengali consonant letters is /ɔ/, so the bare letter ড will sometimes be transliterated as "ḍo" instead of "ḍa". Adding okar, the "o" vowel mark, gives a reading of /d̳o/. Like all Indic consonants, ড can be modified by marks to indicate another (or no) vowel than its inherent "a".

ড in Bengali-using languages
ড is used as a basic consonant character in all of the major Bengali script orthographies, including Bengali and Assamese.

Conjuncts with ড
Bengali ড exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts, with a tendency towards stacked ligatures.
 * ড্ (ḍ) + ড (ḍa) gives the ligature ḍḍa:
 * ড্ (ḍ) + র (ra) gives the ligature ḍra, with the ra phala suffix:
 * ড্ (ḍ) + ব (va) gives the ligature ḍva, with the va phala suffix:
 * ড্ (ḍ) + য (ya) gives the ligature ḍya, with the ya phala suffix:
 * ল্ (l) + ড (ḍa) gives the ligature lḍa:
 * ন্ (n) + ড (ḍa) gives the ligature nḍa:
 * ন্ (n) + ড্ (ḍ) + র (ra) gives the ligature nḍra, with the ra phala suffix:
 * ণ্ (ṇ) + ড (ḍa) gives the ligature ṇḍa:
 * ণ্ (ṇ) + ড্ (ḍ) + র (ra) gives the ligature ṇḍra, with the ra phala suffix:
 * ণ্ (ṇ) + ড্ (ḍ) + য (ya) gives the ligature ṇḍya, with the ya phala suffix:
 * র্ (r) + ড (ḍa) gives the ligature rḍa, with the repha prefix:

Gujarati Ḍa
Ḍa (ડ) is the thirteenth consonant of the Gujarati abugida. It is derived from the Devanagari Ḍa with the top bar (shiro rekha) removed, and ultimately the Brahmi letter.

Gujarati-using Languages
The Gujarati script is used to write the Gujarati and Kutchi languages. In both languages, ડ is pronounced as or  when appropriate. Like all Indic scripts, Gujarati uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:

Conjuncts with ડ
Gujarati ડ exhibits conjunct ligatures, much like its parent Devanagari Script. While most Gujarati conjuncts can only be formed by reducing the letter shape to create a "half form" that fits tightly to following letter, Ḍa does not have a half form. A few conjunct clusters can be represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters, and vertically stacked conjuncts can also be found in Gujarati, although much less commonly than in Devanagari. Lacking a half form, Ḍa will normally use an explicit virama when forming conjuncts without a true ligature. True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Gujarati are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. Those variants include Na and the Repha and Rakar forms of Ra.
 * ર્ (r) + ડ (ɖa) gives the ligature RḌa:
 * ડ્ (ɖ) + ર (ra) gives the ligature ḌRa:
 * ડ્ (ɖ) + ડ (ɖa) gives the ligature ḌḌa:
 * ડ્ (ɖ) + ન (na) gives the ligature ḌNa:
 * ડ્ (ɖ) + વ (va) gives the ligature ḌVa:

Telugu Ḍa
Ḍa (డ) is a consonant of the Telugu abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter. It is closely related to the Kannada letter ಡ. Most Telugu consonants contain a v-shaped headstroke that is related to the horizontal headline found in other Indic scripts, although headstrokes do not connect adjacent letters in Telugu. The headstroke is normally lost when adding vowel matras. Telugu conjuncts are created by reducing trailing letters to a subjoined form that appears below the initial consonant of the conjunct. Many subjoined forms are created by dropping their headline, with many extending the end of the stroke of the main letter body to form an extended tail reaching up to the right of the preceding consonant. This subjoining of trailing letters to create conjuncts is in contrast to the leading half forms of Devanagari and Bengali letters. Ligature conjuncts are not a feature in Telugu, with the only non-standard construction being an alternate subjoined form of Ṣa (borrowed from Kannada) in the KṢa conjunct.

Malayalam Ḍa
Ḍa (ഡ) is a consonant of the Malayalam abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter, via the Grantha letter Ḍa. Like in other Indic scripts, Malayalam consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

Conjuncts of ഡ
As is common in Indic scripts, Malayalam joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. There are several ways in which conjuncts are formed in Malayalam texts: using a post-base form of a trailing consonant placed under the initial consonant of a conjunct, a combined ligature of two or more consonants joined together, a conjoining form that appears as a combining mark on the rest of the conjunct, the use of an explicit candrakkala mark to suppress the inherent "a" vowel, or a special consonant form called a "chillu" letter, representing a bare consonant without the inherent "a" vowel. Texts written with the modern reformed Malayalam orthography, put̪iya lipi, may favor more regular conjunct forms than older texts in paḻaya lipi, due to changes undertaken in the 1970s by the Government of Kerala.
 * ഡ് (ḍ) + ഡ (ḍa) gives the ligature ḍḍa:
 * ണ് (ṇ) + ഡ (ḍa) gives the ligature ṇḍa:
 * ഡ് (ḍ) + ഢ (ḍʱa) gives the ligature ḍḍʱa:

Odia Ḍa
Ḍa (ଡ) is a consonant of the Odia abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter, via the Siddhaṃ letter Ḍa. Like in other Indic scripts, Odia consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

Conjuncts of ଡ
As is common in Indic scripts, Odia joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using a small subjoined form of trailing consonants. Most consonants' subjoined forms are identical to the full form, just reduced in size, although a few drop the curved headline or have a subjoined form not directly related to the full form of the consonant. The second type of conjunct formation is through pure ligatures, where the constituent consonants are written together in a single graphic form. This ligature may be recognizable as being a combination of two characters or it can have a conjunct ligature unrelated to its constituent characters.
 * ଣ୍ (ṇ) + ଡ (ḍa) gives the ligature ṇḍa:

Kaithi Ḍa
Ḍa (𑂙) is a consonant of the Kaithi abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter, via the Siddhaṃ letter Ḍa. Like in other Indic scripts, Kaithi consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

Conjuncts of 𑂙
As is common in Indic scripts, Kaithi joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using a half form of preceding consonants, although several consonants use an explicit virama. Most half forms are derived from the full form by removing the vertical stem. As is common in most Indic scripts, conjucts of ra are indicated with a repha or rakar mark attached to the rest of the consonant cluster. In addition, there are a few vertical conjuncts that can be found in Kaithi writing, but true ligatures are not used in the modern Kaithi script.


 * 𑂩୍ (r) + 𑂙 (ḍa) gives the ligature rḍa:

Kaithi Ṛa
Ṛa (𑂚) is a consonant of the Kaithi abugida derived from 𑂙 Ḍa. Ṛa acts

Conjuncts of 𑂚
As is common in Indic scripts, Kaithi joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using a half form of preceding consonants, although several consonants use an explicit virama. Most half forms are derived from the full form by removing the vertical stem. As is common in most Indic scripts, conjucts of ra are indicated with a repha or rakar mark attached to the rest of the consonant cluster. In addition, there are a few vertical conjuncts that can be found in Kaithi writing, but true ligatures are not used in the modern Kaithi script.


 * 𑂩୍ (r) + 𑂚 (ṛa) gives the ligature rṛa:

Comparison of Ḍa
The various Indic scripts are generally related to each other through adaptation and borrowing, and as such the glyphs for cognate letters, including Ḍa, are related as well.

Character encodings of Ḍa
Most Indic scripts are encoded in the Unicode Standard, and as such the letter Ḍa in those scripts can be represented in plain text with unique codepoint. Ḍa from several modern-use scripts can also be found in legacy encodings, such as ISCII.