1094

Year 1094 (MXCIV) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Byzantine Empire

 * Spring – Emperor Alexios I (Komnenos) sends a Byzantine expeditionary force under General Tatikios to Nicaea, in an attempt to re-capture the city from the Seljuk Turks. However, the arrival of Barkiyaruq's army en route stops the Byzantines. Alexios sends reinforcements; short of supplies, the Seljuk Turks retreat. Abu'l-Qasim, Seljuk governor of Nicaea, is defeated and forced to conclude a truce with Alexios.

Europe

 * May
 * Rodrigo Diaz de Vivar (El Cid) completes his conquest of Valencia in Al-Andalus (modern Spain). He begins his rule (in the name of King Alfonso VI) of Valencia. The Almoravid campaign to regain the city fails.
 * Duncan II (son of the late King Malcolm III) invades England at the head of an army of Norman knights from Scotland, aided by his half-brother Edmund. He succeeds his uncle, King Donald III (the Fair), as ruler of Scotland.
 * July 28 – William Bertrand dies, and his margravial title of Provence is inherited by Raymond IV (Saint-Gilles), who becomes count of Toulouse (until 1105).
 * November 12 – King Donald III mobilizes his army and kills Duncan II in battle in the Lowlands. He re-takes the Scottish throne, Edmund sides with Donald as co-ruler and is named as heir as he has no children.

Fatimid Egypt

 * After the death of Caliph al-Mustansir Billah, his son-in-law and vizier Al-Afdal declares al-Musta'li, a younger son of al-Mustansir, in a coup d'état as new Caliph. Al-Mustansir's designated heir, Nizar, flees to Alexandria.

Eastern Islamic world

 * Sultan Mahmud I dies after a 2-year reign. He is succeeded by his brother Barkiyaruq (one of the Seljuk prince who claim the throne) as ruler of the Seljuk Empire.
 * Caliph of Baghdad, al-Muqtadi died on 3 February 1094 and he was succeeded by his nominated heir Ahmad (al-Mustazhir).

Religion

 * May 15 – The Cathedral of St. Agatha in Catania (Sicily) is consecrated by the Breton abbot Ansger.
 * October 8 – Doge Vitale Faliero consecrates the new Basilica of San Marco in Venice.
 * King Ladislaus I of Hungary founds a diocese (alongside the bishop's see) in Zagreb.
 * Al-Musta'li becomes the nineteenth imam of Musta'li Ismailism

Births

 * January 14 – Eudokia Komnene, Byzantine princess (d. 1129)
 * Abd al-Mu'min, Almohad caliph (approximate date)
 * Ibn Zuhr (or Avenzoar), Moorish physician (d. 1162)
 * Malachy, Irish archbishop and saint (d. 1148)
 * Richard d'Avranches, 2nd Earl of Chester (d. 1120)
 * Yelü Dashi, founder of the Qara Khitai (d. 1143)

Deaths

 * January 10 – Al-Mustansir Billah, Fatimid caliph (b. 1029)
 * February 3
 * Al-Muqtadi, Abbasid caliph (b. 1056)
 * Teishi, Japanese empress (b. 1013)
 * June 2 – Nicholas the Pilgrim, Italian shepherd (b. 1075)
 * June 4 – Sancho V, king of Aragon and Pamplona
 * July 28 – William Bertrand, margrave of Provence
 * October 14
 * Bertha of Holland, French queen
 * Fujiwara no Nobunaga, Japanese nobleman (b. 1022)
 * November 12 – Duncan II, king of Scotland
 * Abu Ali Fana-Khusrau, Buyid nobleman
 * Al-Bakri, Moorish historian and geographer
 * Aq Sunqur al-Hajib, Seljuk sultan of Aleppo
 * Badr al-Jamali, Fatimid vizier and statesman
 * Isaac Albalia, Andalusian Jewish astronomer (b. 1035)
 * Jonathan I, Italo-Norman count of Carinola
 * Mahmud I, sultan of the Seljuk Empire
 * Michael of Avranches, Italian bishop
 * Roger de Beaumont, Norman nobleman
 * Roger de Montgomery, Norman nobleman
 * Terken Khatun, Seljuk empress and regent
 * William Fitzeustace, Norman nobleman
 * Wulfnoth Godwinson, English nobleman