1643





January–March

 * January 21 – Abel Tasman sights the island of Tonga.
 * February 6
 * (17 Dhu al-Qadah 1052 AH) In India, the first ceremony at the nearly-complete Taj Mahal in Agra, the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan observes the 12th anniversary of the death of his wife, Mumtaz Mahal, and opens the structure to thousands of mourners.
 * Abel Tasman sights the Fiji Islands.
 * March 13 – First English Civil War: First Battle of Middlewich – Roundheads (Parliamentarians) rout the Cavaliers (Royalist supporters of King Charles I) at Middlewich in Cheshire.
 * March 18 – Irish Confederate Wars: Battle of New Ross – English troops defeat those of Confederate Ireland.

April–June

 * April 1 – Åmål, Sweden, is granted its city charter.
 * April 28 – Francisco de Lucena, former Portuguese Secretary of State, is beheaded after being convicted of treason.
 * May 14 – Louis XIV succeeds his father Louis XIII as King of France at age 4. His rule will last until his death at age 77 in 1715, a total of 72 years, which will be the longest reign of any European monarch in recorded history.
 * May 19
 * Thirty Years' War: Battle of Rocroi: The French defeat the Spanish at Rocroi in France.
 * The New England Confederation is formed as a military alliance between Massachusetts Bay Colony, Plymouth Colony, Saybrook Colony (Connecticut), and New Haven Colony.
 * May 20 – Dutch expedition to Valdivia: The Dutch fleet (led by Hendrik Brouwer) is spotted off Carelmapu in Chile, soon afterwards landing nearby and plundering the fort and village.
 * June 30 – First English Civil War: Battle of Adwalton Moor – Royalists gain control of Yorkshire.

July–September

 * July 1 – The Westminster Assembly of theologians ("divines") and parliamentarians is convened at Westminster Abbey with the aim of restructuring the Church of England.
 * July 5 – First English Civil War: Battle of Lansdowne – Royalists gain a pyrrhic victory over the Parliamentarians near Bath, Somerset.
 * July 13 – First English Civil War: Battle of Roundway Down – Henry Wilmot, newly created Baron Wilmot, commanding Royalist cavalry, wins a crushing victory over Parliamentarian Sir William Waller.
 * August 24 – Dutch expedition to Valdivia: A Dutch fleet establishes a new colony in the ruins of Valdivia in southern Chile.
 * September 20 – First English Civil War: First Battle of Newbury – A strategic Parliamentarian victory is made over Royalist forces who are led personally by King Charles.

October–December

 * October 8 – The Shunzhi Emperor of China is crowned at five years old, 17 days after the death of his father and the decision of the Deliberative Council of Princes and Ministers.
 * October 28 – Dutch expedition to Valdivia: The Dutch end their occupation of Valdivia in Chile.
 * November 14 – Empress Meishō abdicates and Emperor Go-Kōmyō accedes to the throne of Japan.
 * November 24 – Thirty Years' War: Battle of Tuttlingen – France is defeated by forces of the Holy Roman Empire.
 * December 12 – Swedish Field Marshal Lennart Torstensson's forces enter Danish territory in Holstein, beginning the Torstenson War.
 * December 13 – First English Civil War: At the Battle of Alton in Hampshire, the Parliamentarians defeat the Royalists.
 * December 25 – Christmas Island in the Indian Ocean is sighted and named by Captain William Mynors of the British East India Company ship Royal Mary.
 * December 28 – Dutch expedition to Valdivia: The failed Dutch expedition arrives back at Recife in Dutch Brazil.

Date unknown

 * Baden-Baden is pillaged by the French.
 * An Calbhach mac Aedh Ó Conchobhair Donn, The Ó Conchubhair Donn, Chief of the Name of the Clan Ó Conchubhair, is popularly inaugurated as the last King of Connacht in Ireland.
 * Evangelista Torricelli invents the mercury barometer.
 * Paul de Chomedey, Sieur de Maisonneuve, places the first Mount Royal Cross atop Mount Royal above Montreal.
 * Jean Bolland publishes the first two volumes of the Acta Sanctorum (in Antwerp). This is the beginning of the Bollandists' work.
 * Miyamoto Musashi begins to dictate The Book of Five Rings (Go Rin No Sho) to his student; he will complete it in 1654, just before his death.
 * Roger Williams, co-founder of Rhode Island, publishes A Key into the Language of America.
 * The first professional book publisher to use printing press in Norway is established in Oslo.

January–March

 * January 2 – Eleonora d'Este, Italian princess, later nun (d. 1722)
 * January 4 – Sir Isaac Newton, English scientist (d. 1727)
 * January 7 – Sir Samuel Grimston, 3rd Baronet, English politician (d. 1700)
 * January 9 – Eleonoro Pacello, Italian Catholic prelate, Bishop of Pula (1689–1695) (d. 1695)
 * January 13 – Axel Wachtmeister, Count of Mälsåker, Swedish field marshal (d. 1699)
 * January 25 – John Hayes, English politician (d. 1705)
 * January 24 – Charles Sackville, 6th Earl of Dorset, English poet and courtier (d. 1706)
 * January 30 – Sir Francis Blundell, 3rd Baronet, Irish politician (d. 1707)
 * February 6
 * Charles Fanshawe, 4th Viscount Fanshawe, English politician (d. 1710)
 * Johann Kasimir Kolbe von Wartenberg, Prussian politician (d. 1712)
 * February 15 – García Felipe de Legazpi y Velasco Altamirano y Albornoz, Spanish Catholic prelate, Bishop of Tlaxcala (d. 1706)
 * February 25
 * Sultan Ahmed II of the Ottoman Empire (d. 1695)
 * Christian Franz Paullini, German physician (d. 1712)
 * March 4 – Fran Krsto Frankopan, Croatian baroque poet, nobleman and politician (d. 1671)
 * March 6 – Pierre de Langle, French bishop and theologian (d. 1724)
 * March 8 – Nabeshima Naoyuki, Japanese daimyō (d. 1725)
 * March 17 – Fabrizio Spada, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1717)
 * March 23 – Mary of Jesus de León y Delgado, Spanish Dominican lay sister and mystic (d. 1731)
 * March 25 – Louis Moréri, French priest and encyclopaedist (d. 1680)
 * March 28 – Anthony Dopping, Anglican Bishop of Meath (d. 1697)
 * March 29 – Louis Phélypeaux, comte de Pontchartrain (d. 1727)

April–June

 * April 3 – Charles V, Duke of Lorraine (d. 1690)
 * April 6 – Nehemiah Jewett, American colonial politician (d. 1720)
 * April 30 – Johann Oswald Harms, German Baroque painter (d. 1708)
 * May 3 – Georg Franck von Franckenau, German botanist (d. 1704)
 * May 7 – Stephanus Van Cortlandt, first native-born mayor of New York City (d. 1700)
 * May 8 – George Louis I, Count of Erbach-Erbach (1672–1693) (d. 1693)
 * May 9 – Charles Kirkhoven, 1st Earl of Bellomont, Dutch-born Irish peer (d. 1683)
 * May 10 – Gabriel Revel, French painter (d. 1712)
 * May 29 – Patrick Lyon, 3rd Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne, Scottish peer and the son of John Lyon (d. 1695)

July–September

 * July 3 – Johann Ernst von Thun, Tyrolean Catholic bishop (d. 1709)
 * July 26 – Burchard de Volder, Dutch mathematician (d. 1709)
 * July 28 – Antonio Tarsia, Italian composer (d. 1722)
 * July 29 – Henri Jules, Prince of Condé (d. 1709)
 * August 3 – Charles de la Rue, French Jesuit, Latin poet (d. 1725)
 * August 16 – Mumtaz Shikoh, Mughal Empire emperor (d. 1647)
 * August 18 – William Louis, Prince of Anhalt-Harzgerode (1670–1709) (d. 1709)
 * August 21 – King Afonso VI of Portugal, King of Portugal and the Algarves (d. 1683)
 * August 26 – Cardinal de Bouillon, French Catholic cardinal (d. 1715)
 * September 3 – Lorenzo Bellini, Italian physician, anatomist (d. 1704)
 * September 5 – Sir William Portman, 6th Baronet, English politician (d. 1690)
 * September 6 – François-Joseph de Beaupoil de Sainte-Aulaire, French poet (d. 1742)
 * September 14
 * Jeremiah Dummer, American silversmith (d. 1718)
 * Joseph de Jouvancy, French historian (d. 1719)
 * September 17 – Francis Howard, 5th Baron Howard of Effingham, English peer (d. 1694)
 * September 18 – Gilbert Burnet, Scottish philosopher and historian (d. 1715)
 * September 27 – Solomon Stoddard, pastor of the Congregationalist Church in Northampton, Massachusetts (d. 1729)
 * September 30 – Samuel Hoadly, American-born English schoolmaster, writer of educational books (d. 1705)

October–December

 * October 5 – Zinat-un-Nissa, princess of the Mughal Empire (d. 1721)
 * October 14 – Bahadur Shah I, Mughal Emperor of India (d. 1712)
 * October 25 – Georg Ludwig Agricola, German composer (d. 1676)
 * November 1 – John Strype, English historian and biographer (d. 1737)
 * November 4 – Asano Nagatomo, Japanese daimyō who ruled the Akō Domain (d. 1675)
 * November 16 – Jean Chardin, French jeweller, traveller (d. 1713)
 * November 22 – René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle, French explorer (d. 1687)
 * November 23 – Eberhard von Danckelmann, Prussian politician (d. 1722)
 * December 24 – Israel Kolmodin, Swedish hymnwriter and priest (d. 1709)
 * December 28 – Salomon van Til, theologian of the Dutch Reformed Church (d. 1713)

Date unknown

 * Ilona Zrínyi, Hungarian heroine (d. 1703)
 * Marie Grubbe, Danish countess (d. 1718)
 * Eva Krotoa, Khoi translator and interpreter (d. 1674)

Deaths

 * January 14 – John Bois, English scholar (b. 1560)
 * January 20 – Henry Danvers, 1st Earl of Danby, English noble (b. 1573)
 * February 11 – Countess Palatine Anna Maria of Neuburg, Duchess of Saxe-Altenburg (b. 1575)
 * February 15 – Countess Juliane of Nassau-Siegen, Landgravine of Hesse-kassel (b. 1587)
 * February 25 – Marco da Gagliano, Italian composer (b. 1582)
 * March 1
 * Girolamo Frescobaldi, Italian composer (b. 1583)
 * Rustam Khan, Georgian-Iranian soldier (b. c. 1588)
 * April 4 – Simon Episcopius, Dutch theologian (b. 1583)
 * April 12
 * Louis I, Count of Erbach-Erbach (1606–1643) (b. 1579)
 * Nicolaus Hunnius, German theologian (b. 1585)
 * April 13 – Margherita Farnese, Benedictine nun (b. 1567)
 * April 20 – Christoph Demantius, German composer (b. 1567)
 * April 28
 * Francisco de Lucena, Portuguese Secretary of State (b. c. 1578)
 * Philip III, Landgrave of Hesse-Butzbach (b. 1581)
 * May 14 – King Louis XIII of France (b. 1601)
 * July 12 – François Duquesnoy, Flemish Baroque sculptor in Rome (b. 1597)
 * July 25 – Robert Pierrepont, 1st Earl of Kingston-upon-Hull, English statesman (b. 1584)
 * August – Anne Hutchinson, English Puritan preacher (b. 1591)
 * August 7 – Margaret of Brunswick-Lüneburg, German noble (b. 1573)
 * August 22
 * Philippe de Carteret II, son of Philippe de Carteret I (1552– (b. 1584)
 * Johann Georg Wirsung, German anatomist (b. 1589)
 * September 15 – Richard Boyle, 1st Earl of Cork, Irish politician (b. 1566)
 * September 20, at the Battle of Newbury:
 * Lucius Cary, 2nd Viscount Falkland, English politician and writer (b. c. 1610)
 * Robert Dormer, 1st Earl of Carnarvon (b. c. 1610)
 * Henry Spencer, 1st Earl of Sunderland (b. 1620)
 * September 21 – Emperor Hong Taiji of China (b. 1592)
 * October 2 – Jean Chalette, French painter (b. 1581)
 * October 29 – Brilliana, Lady Harley, English noble, letter writer and war heroine (b. 1598)
 * November 3
 * John Bainbridge, English astronomer (b. 1583)
 * Paul Guldin, Swiss astronomer and mathematician (b. 1577)
 * Sun Chuanting, Ming dynasty general (b. 1593)
 * November 14
 * Henry Hastings, 5th Earl of Huntingdon, English noble (b. 1586)
 * George Aribert of Anhalt-Dessau, German nobleman (b. 1606)
 * November 15 – Tachibana Muneshige, Japanese samurai and soldier (b. 1567)
 * November 17 – Jean-Baptiste Budes, Comte de Guébriant, Marshal of France (b. 1602)
 * November 29
 * William Cartwright, English dramatist (b. 1611)
 * Claudio Monteverdi, Italian composer (b. 1567)
 * December 8 – John Pym, English statesman (b. 1583)
 * December 10 – Herman Wrangel, Swedish soldier and politician (b. 1584/1587)
 * December 11
 * Arthur Bell, English Franciscan martyr (b. 1590)
 * Henry Clifford, 5th Earl of Cumberland, English politician (b. 1591)
 * December 30 – Giovanni Baglione, Italian painter and historian of art (b. 1566)
 * approx. date – Henry Glapthorne, English dramatist (b. 1610)
 * date unknown
 * Sophia Brahe, Danish astronomer and horticulturalist (b. 1556)
 * María Pita, Spanish heroine (b. 1565)