1835

January–March

 * January 7 – HMS Beagle anchors off the Chonos Archipelago on her second voyage, with Charles Darwin on board as naturalist.
 * January 8 – The United States public debt contracts to zero, for the only time in history.
 * January 24 – Malê Revolt: African slaves of Yoruba Muslim origin revolt in Salvador, Bahia.
 * January 26
 * Queen Maria II of Portugal marries Auguste de Beauharnais, 2nd Duke of Leuchtenberg, in Lisbon; he dies only two months later.
 * Saint Paul's in Macau largely destroyed by fire after a typhoon hits.
 * January 30 – An assassination is attempted against United States President Andrew Jackson in the United States Capitol (the first assassination attempt against a President of the United States).
 * February 1 – Slavery is abolished in Mauritius.
 * February 20 – 1835 Concepción earthquake: Concepción, Chile, is destroyed by an earthquake; the resulting tsunami destroys the neighboring city of Talcahuano.
 * March 2 – Ferdinand becomes Emperor of Austria.
 * March 23 – The Academia Mexicana de la Lengua (Mexican Academy of Language) is established.

April–June

 * April 18 – Lord Melbourne succeeds Sir Robert Peel as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.
 * May 5
 * Rail transport in Belgium: A railway is opened between Brussels and Mechelen, the first in continental Europe.
 * Braulio Carrillo is sworn in as Head of State of Costa Rica.
 * May 8 – Hans Christian Andersen's Fairy Tales Told for Children. First Collection. begins publication.
 * May 11 – Matua, High Priest (taura tupua) of the Polynesian island of Mangareva, is baptized into the Roman Catholic Church.
 * May 13 – British barque Neva, transporting female convicts from Cork, Ireland, to Australia, is wrecked in the Bass Strait with the loss of 224 people and only 15 survivors.
 * May 23 – The Mexican State of Aguascalientes is formed, by decree of President Santa Anna.
 * June 1 – Kingston Penitentiary in Kingston, Ontario, opens.

July–September

 * July – Bertelsmann is founded by Carl Bertelsmann as a religious printer and publisher in Prussia.
 * July 14 – The universal Catholic Apostolic Church is organized, initially in the U.K.
 * July 28 – In Paris, the assassination of King Louis Philippe I of France is attempted by Giuseppe Marco Fieschi, using a home-made volley gun; 10 are killed, but the King escapes with a minor wound.
 * August – H. Fox Talbot exposes the world's first known photographic negatives, at Lacock Abbey in England.
 * August 25 – In the U.S., The New York Sun prints the first of six installments of the Great Moon Hoax.
 * August 28 – St. Vincent's Ecclesiastical Seminary, a predecessor of Castleknock College, is founded by the Vincentian community in Dublin, Ireland.
 * August 30 – European settlers, landing on the north banks of the Yarra River in Victoria, Australia, found the settlement of Melbourne.
 * September 7 – Charles Darwin arrives at the Galápagos Islands, aboard HMS Beagle.
 * September 19 – William Lloyd Garrison publishes Angelina Grimké's anti-slavery letter in The Liberator.
 * September 20 – The Ragamuffin War begins in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.

October–December

 * October 2 – The Texas Revolution – Battle of Gonzales: Mexican soldiers attempt to disarm the people of Gonzales, Texas, but encounter stiff resistance from a hastily assembled militia.
 * October 3 – The Staedtler Company (pencil manufacturers) is founded by J. S. Staedtler in Nuremberg, Germany.
 * October 28
 * The United Tribes of New Zealand is founded at Waitangi, with the Declaration of the Independence of New Zealand.
 * Texas Revolution – Battle of Concepción: The Texian Army defeats the Mexicans.
 * November 12 – Construction is completed on the Wilberforce Monument in Kingston Upon Hull.
 * November 16 – Halley's Comet reaches perihelion, its closest approach to the Sun.
 * November 19 – A force of 500 Māori people invade and enslave the peoples of the Chatham Islands.
 * November 27 – Two London men, James Pratt and John Smith, are hanged in front of Newgate Prison in London, after a conviction of buggery. They are the last to suffer capital punishment for homosexual acts in England.
 * December 7
 * The Bavarian Ludwig Railway opens between Nuremberg and Fürth, with a train hauled by the English-built Der Adler ("The Eagle"), the first railway in Germany.
 * Future U.S. President James K. Polk becomes Speaker of the United States House of Representatives.
 * December 9 – The Army of the Republic of Texas captures San Antonio.
 * December 16–17 – The Great Fire of New York destroys 530 buildings, including the New York Stock Exchange.
 * December 20 – The Texas Declaration of Independence is first signed at Goliad, Texas.
 * December 21 – The Raleigh and Gaston Railroad is chartered in Raleigh, North Carolina.
 * December 28 – United States: The Second Seminole War led by Osceola breaks out.
 * December 29 – The Treaty of New Echota is signed between the United States Government, and members of the Cherokee Nation.

Date unknown

 * The British East India Company negotiates a lease of the Darjeeling area west of the Mahananda River, from the Kingdom of Sikkim.
 * The British Geological Survey is founded, as the world's first national geological survey.
 * Civil war erupts in Uruguay, between supporters of the Blanco and Colorado parties.
 * The Cachar Levy, forerunner of the Assam Rifles, is founded in India.
 * The first Bulgarian-language school opens in the Ottoman Empire.
 * The French word for their language changes to français, from françois.
 * Fort Cass is established, the military headquarters and site of the largest internment camps during the 1838 Trail of Tears.
 * Charles-Louis Havas creates Havas, the first news agency in the world (which later spawns Agence France-Presse).
 * English becomes the official language of India.
 * Juan Manuel de Rosas becomes Caudillo of Argentina.
 * Edward Strutt Abdy publishes his Journal of a Residence and Tour in the United States of North America: From April, 1833, to October 1834.
 * David Strauss begins publication of Das Leben Jessu, kritisch bearbeitet ("The life of Jesus, critically examined") in Tübingen.
 * The first Egyptian Museum in Cairo opened.

January–June

 * January 14 – Emmy Rappe, Swedish nurse pioneer (d. 1896)
 * February 13 – Mirza Ghulam Ahmad, founder of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community (d. 1908)
 * February 15 – Demetrius Vikelas, Greek International Olympic Committee president (d. 1908)
 * February 18 – César Cui, Lithuanian composer (d. 1918)
 * February 22 – Jeannette Walworth, American novelist, journalist (d. 1918)
 * March 12
 * Simon Newcomb, Canadian-American astronomer (d. 1909)
 * Sigismondo Savona, Maltese educator and politician (d. 1908)
 * March 14 – Giovanni Schiaparelli, Italian astronomer (d. 1910)
 * March 15 – Eduard Strauss, Austrian composer (d. 1916)
 * March 21 – Maria Magdalena Mathsdotter, Swedish Sami educator (d. 1873)
 * March 24 – Josef Stefan, Slovenian physicist, mathematician, and poet (d. 1893)
 * April 1 – James Fisk, American entrepreneur (d. 1872)
 * April 4 – John Hughlings Jackson, English neurologist (d. 1911)
 * April 9 – King Leopold II of Belgium (d. 1909)
 * May 3 – Alfred Austin, English poet (d. 1913)
 * May 18 – Charles N. Sims, American Methodist preacher, third chancellor of Syracuse University (d. 1908)
 * May 21 – František Chvostek, Moravian physician (d. 1884)
 * June 2 – Pope Pius X (d. 1914)
 * June 6 – Ștefan Fălcoianu, Romanian general and politician (d. 1905)
 * June 9 – Ramón Barros Luco, 15th President of Chile (d. 1919)
 * June 10 – Ferdinand IV, Grand Duke of Tuscany, (d. 1908)
 * June 12 – George Atzerodt, conspirator with John Wilkes Booth, assigned to assassinate Vice President Andrew Johnson (d. 1865)
 * June 15 – Adah Isaacs Menken, American actress (d. 1868)
 * June 23 – Fanny Eaton, Jamaican-born artists model and domestic worker (d. 1924)
 * June 24 – Johannes Wislicenus, German chemist (d. 1902)
 * June 26 – Thomas W. Knox, American author, journalist (d. 1896)

July–December

 * July 6 – Sir George White, British field marshal (d. 1912)
 * July 7 – Ernest Giles, Australian explorer (d. 1897)
 * July 10 – Henryk Wieniawski, Polish composer (d. 1880)
 * July 19 – Justo Rufino Barrios, 9th President of Guatemala (d. 1885)
 * July 27 – Giosuè Carducci, Italian writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1907)
 * July 30 – Edmund Francis Dunne, American politician, jurist, and Catholic orator (d. 1904)
 * July 31 – Henri Brisson, 2-time prime minister of France (d. 1912)
 * August 2 – Elisha Gray, American inventor, businessman (d. 1901)
 * August 6 – Hjalmar Kiærskou, Danish botanist (d. 1900)
 * August 19 – Tom Wills, Australian cricketer, pioneer of Australian rules football (d. 1880)
 * August 27 – Thomas Burberry, English businessman, inventor (d. 1926)
 * September 1 – Raphael Kalinowski, Polish Discalced Carmelite friar, saint (d. 1907)
 * October 7 – Felix Draeseke, German composer (d. 1913)
 * October 9 – Camille Saint-Saëns, French composer (d. 1921)
 * October 16 – William Rufus Shafter, American general (d. 1906)
 * October 31 – Adolf von Baeyer, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1917)
 * November 6 – Cesare Lombroso, Italian criminologist (d. 1909)
 * November 17 – Andrew L. Harris, American Civil War hero, Governor of Ohio (d. 1915)
 * November 19 – Matilda Carse, Irish-born American businesswoman, social reformer (d. 1917)
 * November 21 – Rose Eytinge, American actress (d. 1911)
 * November 25
 * Andrew Carnegie, American industrialist, philanthropist (d. 1919)
 * Arthur Sewall, American politician, industrialist (d. 1900)
 * November 29 – Empress Dowager Cixi of China (d. 1908)
 * November 30 – Mark Twain, American author, humorist (d. 1910)
 * December 4 – Samuel Butler, English writer (d. 1902)
 * December 6 – Wilhelm Rudolph Fittig, German chemist (d. 1910)
 * December 17 – Alexander Emanuel Agassiz, American scientist (d. 1910)
 * December 18 – Lyman Abbott, American clergyman, author (d. 1922)
 * December 28 – Sir Archibald Geikie, Scottish geologist (d. 1924)

January–June

 * January 1 – Mátyás Godina, Slovene Lutheran pastor, writer, and teacher (b. 1768)
 * February 8 – Guillaume Dupuytren, French anatomist, military surgeon (b. 1777)
 * February 15
 * Nathan Dane, American politician (b. 1752)
 * Henry Hunt, British politician (b. 1773)
 * March 2 – Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor (b. 1768)
 * March 18 – Christian Günther von Bernstorff, Danish, Prussian statesman, diplomat (b. 1769)
 * March 28 – Auguste de Beauharnais, Prince consort of Queen Maria II of Portugal (b. 1810)
 * March 30 – Richard Sharp, English hat-maker, banker, merchant, poet, critic, Member of Parliament, and conversationalist
 * April 1 – Józef Zeydlitz, Polish military leader (b. 1755)
 * April 8 – Wilhelm von Humboldt, German linguist, philosopher (b. 1767)
 * April 10 – Magdalene of Canossa, Italian Catholic religious professed, saint (b. 1774)
 * April 21 – Samuel Slater, American industrialist (b. 1768)
 * May 8 – Francisca Zubiaga y Bernales, first lady of Peru, controversial socialite (b. 1803)
 * May 13 – John Nash, English architect (b. 1752)
 * June 18 – William Cobbett, English journalist, author (b. 1763)
 * June 24 – Andreas Vokos Miaoulis, Greek admiral (b. 1768)
 * June 25 – Ebenezer Pemberton, American educator (b. 1746)

July–December

 * July 6 – John Marshall, influential American Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court (b. 1755)
 * July 15 – Izabela Czartoryska, Polish magnate princess (b. 1746)
 * July 28 – Édouard Mortier, Duke of Trévise, French marshal (b. 1768)
 * August 18 – Friedrich Stromeyer, German chemist (born 1776)
 * September 23
 * Georg Adlersparre, Swedish military leader (b. 1760)
 * Vincenzo Bellini, Italian composer (b. 1801)
 * November 14 – James Freeman, first American clergyman to call himself a Unitarian (b. 1759)
 * November 20 – Joseph von Baader, German railway pioneer (b. 1763)
 * November 29 – Princess Catharina of Württemberg, wife of Jérôme Bonaparte (b. 1783)
 * December 13 – John Storm, American Revolutionary soldier (b. 1760)
 * December 17 – Pierre Louis Roederer, French politician, economist, and historian (b. 1754)
 * December 22 – David Hosack, American physician and educator, attending doctor at the Hamilton-Burr duel (b. 1769)

Unknown

 * Sally Hemings – American-born slave, concubine to Thomas Jefferson (b. c. 1773)
 * Ishak Efendi – Ottoman engineer, translator (b. c. 1774)