1866–67 United States House of Representatives elections

The 1866–67 United States House of Representatives elections were held on various dates in various states between June 4, 1866, and September 6, 1867. They occurred during President Andrew Johnson's term just one year after the American Civil War ended when the Union defeated the Confederacy. Each state set its own date for its elections to the House of Representatives. Members were elected before or after the first session of the 40th United States Congress convened on March 4, 1867, including the at-large seat from the new state of Nebraska. Ten secessionist states still had not yet been readmitted, and therefore were not seated.

The 1866 elections were a decisive event in the early Reconstruction era, in which President Johnson faced off against the Radical Republicans in a bitter dispute over whether Reconstruction should be lenient or harsh toward the vanquished white South.

Most of the congressmen from the former Confederate states were either prevented from leaving the state or were arrested on the way to the capital. A Congress consisting of mostly Radical Republicans sat early in the Capitol and aside from the delegation from Tennessee who were allowed in, the few Southern Congressmen who arrived were not seated.

Background
Johnson, a War Democrat, had been elected Vice President in the 1864 presidential election as the running mate of Abraham Lincoln, a Republican. (The Republicans had chosen not to re-nominate Hannibal Hamlin for a second term as vice president).

Lincoln and Johnson ran together under the banner of the National Union Party, which brought together Republicans (with the exception of some hard-line abolitionist Radical Republicans who backed John C. Frémont, who eventually dropped out of the race after brokering a deal with Lincoln) and the War Democrats (the minority of Democrats who backed Lincoln's prosecution of the war, as opposed to the Peace Democrats, or Copperheads, who favored a negotiated settlement with the Confederates).

After the assassination of Lincoln, Johnson became president. He immediately became embroiled in a dispute with the Radical Republicans over the conditions of Reconstruction; Johnson favored a lenient Reconstruction, while Radical Republicans wanted to continue the military occupation of the South and force Southern states to give freedmen (the newly freed slaves) civil rights (and the right to vote).

Campaign and results
Johnson stumped the country in a public speaking tour known as the Swing Around the Circle; he generally supported Democrats but his speeches were poorly received.

The Republicans won in a landslide, capturing enough seats to override Johnson's vetoes. Only the border states of Delaware, Maryland, and Kentucky voted for Democrats. Recently Reconstructed Tennessee sent a Republican delegation. The other 10 ex-Confederate states did not vote. As a percentage of the total number of seats available in the House of Representatives, the Republican majority attained in the election of 1866 has never been exceeded in any subsequent Congress. The Democratic Party was able to achieve similar success only in the political environment of the era of the Great Depression in the 1930s.

Election summaries
Seven secessionist states were readmitted during this Congress, filling 32 vacancies, but are not included in this table if they were not elected within 1866 through 1867.

The party affiliations of the 4 Representatives elected in Texas's rejected elections are unknown.

39th Congress
! KY's 5th congressional district
 * Lovell Rousseau
 * | Unconditional Unionist
 * 1865
 * | Incumbent resigned July 21, 1866 following his assault of Josiah Grinnell. Incumbent re-elected September 15, 1866. Unconditional Unionist hold.
 * nowrap | ✅ Lovell Rousseau (Unconditional Unionist) 99.0%

! KY's 6th congressional district
 * Green C. Smith
 * | Unconditional Unionist
 * 1861
 * | Incumbent resigned July 13, 1866 to become Governor of Montana Territory. New member elected September 15, 1866. Democratic gain.
 * nowrap | ✅ Andrew H. Ward (Democratic) 89.2%

R. R. Carpenter (Unknown) 10.8%

! KY's 3rd congressional district
 * Henry Grider
 * 1861
 * | Incumbent died September 7, 1866. New member elected October 6, 1866. Democratic hold.
 * nowrap | ✅ Elijah Hise (Democratic) 74.3%
 * nowrap | ✅ Elijah Hise (Democratic) 74.3%

P. B. Hawkins (National Union) 25.7%

! NY's 3rd congressional district
 * James Humphrey
 * 1864
 * | Incumbent died June 16, 1866. New member elected November 6, 1866. Democratic gain.
 * nowrap | ✅ John W. Hunter (Democratic) 54.4%
 * nowrap | ✅ John W. Hunter (Democratic) 54.4%

Simeon B. Chittenden (Republican) 45.6%


 * }

40th Congress
! KY's 3rd congressional district
 * Elijah Hise
 * 1866 (special)
 * | Incumbent died May 6, 1867. New member elected August 5, 1867. Democratic hold.
 * nowrap | ✅ Jacob Golladay (Democratic) 76.6%
 * nowrap | ✅ Jacob Golladay (Democratic) 76.6%

J. R. Curd (Republican) 13.6%

W. T. Jackman (Independent) 9.8%

! OH's 2nd congressional district
 * Rutherford B. Hayes
 * 1864
 * | Incumbent resigned July 20, 1867 to run for Governor of Ohio. New member elected October 8, 1867. Independent Republican gain.
 * nowrap | ✅ Samuel F. Cary (Independent Republican) 52.1%
 * nowrap | ✅ Samuel F. Cary (Independent Republican) 52.1%

Richard Smith (Republican) 47.3%

Charles Reemelin (Democratic) 0.6%

! PA's 12th congressional district
 * Charles Denison
 * 1862
 * | Incumbent died June 27, 1867. New member elected October 8, 1867. Democratic hold.
 * nowrap | ✅ George W. Woodward (Democratic) 51.2%
 * nowrap | ✅ George W. Woodward (Democratic) 51.2%

Winthrop W. Ketcham (Republican) 48.8%

! MO's 3rd congressional district
 * Thomas E. Noell
 * 1864
 * | Incumbent died October 3, 1867. New member elected November 5, 1867. Democratic hold.
 * nowrap | ✅ James R. McCormick (Democratic) 52.7%
 * nowrap | ✅ James R. McCormick (Democratic) 52.7%

James H. Chase (Republican) 47.3%

! NY's 21st congressional district
 * Roscoe Conkling
 * 1864
 * | Incumbent resigned March 3, 1867 when elected U.S. senator. New member elected November 5, 1867. Republican hold.
 * nowrap | ✅ Alexander H. Bailey (Republican) 51.5%
 * nowrap | ✅ Alexander H. Bailey (Republican) 51.5%

John Stryker (Democratic) 48.5%


 * }

California
! CA's 1st congressional district
 * Donald C. McRuer
 * | Republican
 * 1864
 * | Incumbent retired. New member elected. Democratic gain.
 * nowrap |

✅ Samuel Beach Axtell (Democratic) 57.3%

Timothy Guy Phelps (Republican) 42.7%

! CA's 2nd congressional district
 * William Higby
 * | Republican
 * 1863
 * Incumbent re-elected.
 * nowrap |

✅ William Higby (Republican) 52.1%

James W. Coffrot (Democratic) 47.9%

! CA's 3rd congressional district
 * John Bidwell
 * | Republican
 * 1864
 * | Incumbent retired. New member elected. Democratic gain.
 * nowrap |

✅ James A. Johnson (Democratic) 50.6%

Chancellor Hartson (Republican) 49.4%


 * }

Colorado Territory
See non-voting delegates, below.

Dakota Territory
See non-voting delegates, below.

Idaho Territory
See non-voting delegates, below.

Massachusetts
! Massachusetts's 1st congressional district
 * Thomas D. Eliot
 * | Republican
 * 1858
 * Incumbent re-elected.
 * nowrap | ✅ Thomas D. Eliot (Republican) 84.17%

Matthias Elias (Democratic) 15.83%

! Massachusetts's 2nd congressional district
 * Oakes Ames
 * | Republican
 * 1862
 * Incumbent re-elected.
 * nowrap | ✅ Oakes Ames (Republican) 79.60%

Abijah M. Ide (Democratic) 20.40%

! Massachusetts's 3rd congressional district
 * Alexander H. Rice
 * | Republican
 * 1858
 * |Incumbent retired. New member elected. Republican hold.
 * nowrap | ✅ Ginery Twichell (Republican) 66.51%

William Henry Aspinwall (Democratic) 28.43%

P. R. Quincy (Workingman) 5.06%

! Massachusetts's 4th congressional district
 * Samuel Hooper
 * | Republican
 * 1861 (special)
 * Incumbent re-elected.
 * nowrap | ✅ Samuel Hooper (Republican) 71.29%

Joseph M. Wightman (Democratic) 28.71%

! Massachusetts's 5th congressional district
 * John B. Alley
 * | Republican
 * 1858
 * |Incumbent retired. New member elected. Republican hold.
 * nowrap | ✅ Benjamin Butler (Republican) 76.07%

William D. Northend (Democratic) 23.93%

! Massachusetts's 6th congressional district
 * Nathaniel P. Banks
 * | Republican
 * 1865 (special)
 * Incumbent re-elected.
 * nowrap | ✅ Nathaniel P. Banks (Republican) 74.96%

Frederick O. Prince (Democratic) 25.04%

! Massachusetts's 7th congressional district
 * George S. Boutwell
 * | Republican
 * 1862
 * Incumbent re-elected.
 * nowrap | ✅ George S. Boutwell (Republican) 77.34%

Leverett Saltonstall (Democratic) 22.66%

! Massachusetts's 8th congressional district
 * John D. Baldwin
 * | Republican
 * 1862
 * Incumbent re-elected.
 * nowrap | ✅ John D. Baldwin (Republican) 82.62%

William A. Williams (Democratic) 17.38%

! Massachusetts's 9th congressional district
 * William B. Washburn
 * | Republican
 * 1862
 * Incumbent re-elected.
 * nowrap | ✅ William B. Washburn (Republican) 87.06%

Levi Haywood (Democratic) 12.94%

! Massachusetts's 10th congressional district
 * Henry Laurens Dawes
 * | Republican
 * 1856
 * Incumbent re-elected.
 * nowrap | ✅ Henry L. Dawes (Republican) 66.00%

Abijah W. Chapin (Democratic) 34.00%


 * }

Montana Territory
See non-voting delegates, below.

Nebraska
There were two elections in the new state of Nebraska in 1866: on June 6 for the remainder of the current term, and October 9 for the next term.

39th Congress
! NE At-large
 * colspan=3 | New state
 * | New seat. Republican gain. New member seated March 2, 1867.
 * nowrap | ✅ Turner M. Marquett (Republican) 50.84%

John R. Brooke (Democratic) 49.16%


 * }

40th Congress
! NE At-large
 * Turner M. Marquett
 * | Republican
 * 1866
 * | Incumbent retired. New member elected. Republican hold.
 * nowrap | ✅ John Taffe (Republican) 54.02%

Algernon Paddock (Democratic) 45.64%


 * }

New Mexico Territory
See non-voting delegates, below.

Ohio
Democrats gained one seat this election in Ohio. It was later contested and awarded to the Republican for a net gain of zero.

! Ohio's 1st congressional district
 * Benjamin Eggleston
 * | Republican
 * 1864
 * Incumbent re-elected.
 * nowrap | ✅ Benjamin Eggleston (Republican) 52.3%

George H. Pendleton (Democratic) 47.7%

! Ohio's 2nd congressional district
 * Rutherford B. Hayes
 * | Republican
 * 1864
 * Incumbent re-elected.
 * nowrap | ✅ Rutherford B. Hayes (Republican) 56.2%

Theodore Cook (Democratic) 43.8%

! Ohio's 3rd congressional district
 * Robert C. Schenck
 * | Republican
 * 1862
 * Incumbent re-elected.
 * nowrap | ✅ Robert C. Schenck (Republican) 51.8%

Durbin Ward (Democratic) 48.2%

! Ohio's 4th congressional district
 * William Lawrence
 * | Republican
 * 1864
 * Incumbent re-elected.
 * nowrap | ✅ William Lawrence (Republican) 54.6%

John F. McKinney (Democratic) 45.4%

! Ohio's 5th congressional district
 * Francis C. Le Blond
 * | Democratic
 * 1862
 * | Incumbent retired. New member elected. Democratic hold.
 * nowrap | ✅ William Mungen (Democratic) 55.4%

Moses B. Walker (Republican) 44.6%

! Ohio's 6th congressional district
 * Reader W. Clarke
 * | Republican
 * 1864
 * Incumbent re-elected.
 * nowrap | ✅ Reader W. Clarke (Republican) 53.0%

William Howard (Democratic) 47.0%

! Ohio's 7th congressional district
 * Samuel Shellabarger
 * | Republican
 * 1864
 * Incumbent re-elected.
 * nowrap | ✅ Samuel Shellabarger (Republican) 54.3%

Thomas Miller (Democratic) 45.7%

! Ohio's 8th congressional district
 * James Randolph Hubbell
 * | Republican
 * 1864
 * | Incumbent retired. New member elected. Republican hold.
 * nowrap | ✅ Cornelius S. Hamilton (Republican) 54.3%

William P. Reid (Democratic) 45.7%

! Ohio's 9th congressional district
 * Ralph P. Buckland
 * | Republican
 * 1864
 * Incumbent re-elected.
 * nowrap | ✅ Ralph P. Buckland (Republican) 52.2%

Thomas P. Finefrock (Democratic) 47.8%

! Ohio's 10th congressional district
 * James M. Ashley
 * | Republican
 * 1862
 * Incumbent re-elected.
 * nowrap | ✅ James M. Ashley (Republican) 53.4%

Henry S. Commager (Democratic) 46.6%

! Ohio's 11th congressional district
 * Hezekiah S. Bundy
 * | Republican
 * 1864
 * | Incumbent retired. New member elected. Republican hold.
 * nowrap | ✅ John T. Wilson (Republican) 56.2%

Oscar F. Moore (Democratic) 43.8%

! Ohio's 12th congressional district
 * William E. Finck
 * | Democratic
 * 1862
 * | Incumbent retired. New member elected. Democratic hold.
 * nowrap | ✅ Philadelph Van Trump (Democratic) 56.2%

Wells S. Jones (Republican) 43.8%

! Ohio's 13th congressional district
 * Columbus Delano
 * | Republican
 * 1864
 * | Incumbent lost re-election New member elected. Democratic gain.
 * nowrap | ✅ George W. Morgan (Democratic) 50.5%

Columbus Delano (Republican) 49.5%

! Ohio's 14th congressional district
 * Martin Welker
 * | Republican
 * 1864
 * Incumbent re-elected.
 * nowrap | ✅ Martin Welker (Republican) 53.4%

James B. Young (Democratic) 46.6%

! Ohio's 15th congressional district
 * Tobias A. Plants
 * | Republican
 * 1864
 * Incumbent re-elected.
 * nowrap | ✅ Tobias A. Plants (Republican) 54.5%

Martin Dewey Follett (Democratic) 45.6%

! Ohio's 16th congressional district
 * John Bingham
 * | Republican
 * 1864
 * Incumbent re-elected.
 * nowrap | ✅ John Bingham (Republican) 52.8%

Charles H. Mitchner (Democratic) 47.2%

! Ohio's 17th congressional district
 * Ephraim R. Eckley
 * | Republican
 * 1862
 * Incumbent re-elected.
 * nowrap | ✅ Ephraim R. Eckley (Republican) 60.0%

Louis Schaefer (Democratic) 40.0%

! Ohio's 18th congressional district
 * Rufus P. Spalding
 * | Republican
 * 1862
 * Incumbent re-elected.
 * nowrap | ✅ Rufus P. Spalding (Republican) 64.4%

Oliver Payne (Democratic) 35.6%

! Ohio's 19th congressional district
 * James A. Garfield
 * | Republican
 * 1862
 * Incumbent re-elected.
 * nowrap | ✅ James A. Garfield (Republican) 71.3%

David C. Coolman (Democratic) 28.7%


 * }

Tennessee
Elections held late, on August 1, 1867.

! TN's 1st congressional district
 * Nathaniel G. Taylor
 * | Unionist
 * 1865
 * |Incumbent retired. New member elected. Republican gain.
 * nowrap |

✅ Roderick R. Butler (Republican) 86.82%

James White (Conservative) 12.85%

James Powell (Republican) 0.33%

! TN's 2nd congressional district
 * Horace Maynard
 * | Unionist
 * 1865
 * |Incumbent re-elected. Republican gain.
 * nowrap |

✅ Horace Maynard (Republican) 78.83%

John Williams (Conservative) 21.17%

! TN's 3rd congressional district
 * William B. Stokes
 * | Unionist
 * 1865
 * |Incumbent re-elected. Republican gain.
 * nowrap |

✅ William B. Stokes (Republican) 83.25%

Eli G. Fleming (Conservative) 16.75%

! TN's 4th congressional district
 * Edmund Cooper
 * | Unionist
 * 1865
 * |Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Republican gain.
 * nowrap |

✅ James Mullins (Republican) 51.85%

Edmund Cooper (Conservative) 25.42%

! TN's 5th congressional district
 * William B. Campbell
 * | Unionist
 * 1865
 * |Incumbent retired. New member elected. Republican gain.
 * nowrap |

✅ John Trimble (Republican) 72.09%

Balie Peyton (Conservative) 24.37%

D. H. Mason (Independent Republican) 3.54%

! TN's 6th congressional district
 * Samuel M. Arnell
 * | Unionist
 * 1865
 * |Incumbent re-elected. Republican gain.

✅ Samuel M. Arnell (Republican) 77.79%

Dorsey B. Thomas (Conservative) 22.21%

! TN's 7th congressional district
 * Isaac R. Hawkins
 * | Unionist
 * 1865
 * |Incumbent re-elected. Republican gain.
 * nowrap |

✅ Isaac R. Hawkins (Republican) 83.60%

William P. Coldwell (Conservative) 16.40%

! TN's 8th congressional district
 * John W. Leftwich
 * | Unionist
 * 1865
 * |Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Republican gain.
 * nowrap |

✅ David A. Nunn (Republican) 59.41%

John W. Leftwich (Conservative) 40.59%


 * }

Utah Territory
See non-voting delegates, below.

Washington Territory
See non-voting delegates, below.

West Virginia
! WV's 1st congressional district
 * Chester D. Hubbard
 * | Unconditional Unionist
 * 1864
 * | Incumbent re-elected. Republican gain.
 * nowrap | ✅ Chester D. Hubbard (Republican) 54.83%

D. D. Johnson (Democratic) 45.17%

! WV's 2nd congressional district
 * George R. Latham
 * | Unconditional Unionist
 * 1864
 * | Incumbent retired. New member elected. Republican gain.
 * nowrap | ✅ Bethuel Kitchen (Republican) 61.30%

E. W. Andrews (Democratic) 38.35%

Daniel Polsley (Republican) 0.35%

! WV's 3rd congressional district
 * Kellian Whaley
 * | Unconditional Unionist
 * 1863
 * | Incumbent retired. New member elected. Republican gain.
 * nowrap | ✅ Daniel Polsley (Republican) 58.77%

John H. Oley (Democratic) 41.23%


 * }

Wisconsin
Wisconsin elected six members of congress on Election Day, November 4, 1866.

! Wisconsin's 1st congressional district
 * Halbert E. Paine
 * | National Union
 * 1864
 * | Incumbent won re-election as a Republican. Republican hold.
 * nowrap |

✅ Halbert E. Paine (Republican) 58.8%

James S. Brown (Democratic) 41.2%

! Wisconsin's 2nd congressional district
 * Ithamar Sloan
 * | National Union
 * 1862
 * | Incumbent was not a candidate for re-election. New member elected. Republican hold.
 * nowrap |

✅ Benjamin F. Hopkins (Republican) 61.5%

John J. Pease (Democratic) 38.5%

! Wisconsin's 3rd congressional district
 * Amasa Cobb
 * | National Union
 * 1862
 * | Incumbent won re-election as a Republican. Republican hold.
 * nowrap |

✅ Amasa Cobb (Republican) 62.9%

Noah Virgin (Democratic) 37.1%

! Wisconsin's 4th congressional district
 * Charles A. Eldredge
 * | Democratic
 * 1862
 * Incumbent re-elected.
 * nowrap |

✅ Charles A. Eldredge (Democratic) 56.6%

Orin Hatch (Republican) 43.4%

! Wisconsin's 5th congressional district
 * Philetus Sawyer
 * | National Union
 * 1864
 * | Incumbent won re-election as a Republican. Republican hold.
 * nowrap |

✅ Philetus Sawyer (Republican) 60.5%

Morgan Lewis Martin (Democratic) 39.5%

! Wisconsin's 6th congressional district New member elected. Republican hold.
 * Walter D. McIndoe
 * | National Union
 * 1862 (Special)
 * | Incumbent was not a candidate for re-election.
 * nowrap |

✅ Cadwallader C. Washburn (Republican) 66.4%

Gilbert L. Park (Democratic) 33.6%


 * }

Non-voting delegates
! Colorado Territory At-large

! Dakota Territory At-large

! Idaho Territory At-large
 * Edward D. Holbrook
 * | Democratic
 * 1864
 * Incumbent re-elected.
 * nowrap |

✅ Edward D. Holbrook (Democratic) 55.45%

J. M. Kirkpatrick (Republican) 44.55%

! Montana Territory At-large
 * Samuel McLean
 * | Democratic
 * 1864
 * | Incumbent retired. New delegate elected. Democratic hold.
 * nowrap |

✅ James M. Cavanaugh (Democratic) 54.95%

Wilbur F. Sanders (Republican) 45.05%

! New Mexico Territory At-large

! Utah Territory At-large

! Washington Territory At-large


 * }