1880 in science

The year 1880 in science and technology included many events, some of which are listed here.

Astronomy

 * September 30 – American doctor Henry Draper takes the first photograph of the Orion Nebula, from Hastings-on-Hudson, New York; this year he also photographs the spectrum of Jupiter.

Mathematics

 * F. Landry finds the largest known Fermat prime, 65537.
 * John Venn popularises Venn diagrams.

Medicine

 * Moritz Kaposi publishes Pathologie und Therapie der Hautkrankheiten in Vorlesungen für praktische Ärzte und Studierende ("Pathology and treatment of diseases of the skin, for practitioners and students"), a significant textbook in dermatology.
 * German professor of pathology Karl Eberth first visualizes the bacteria which will become known as Salmonella in the Peyer's patches and spleens of typhoid patients.
 * English surgeon Sampson Gamgee reports on his use of the medical dressing Gamgee Tissue.
 * Scottish surgeon William Macewen reports on his use of orotracheal intubation as an alternative to tracheotomy.

Physics

 * February 13 – Thomas Edison observes the Edison effect.
 * The first demonstration of the direct piezoelectric effect is made by the brothers Pierre Curie and Jacques Curie.
 * Johannes Diderik van der Waals formulates the Law of Corresponding States.

Technology

 * February 19 – The photophone, an optical speech transmission system, is invented by Alexander Graham Bell and Charles Sumner Tainter in Washington, D.C.
 * Dugald Clerk builds the first successful two-stroke engine.

Publications

 * February – The journal Science is first published in the United States with financial backing from Thomas Edison.
 * Start of publication of Report Of The Scientific Results of the Exploring Voyage of H.M.S. Challenger during the years 1873-76.

Awards

 * Copley Medal: James Joseph Sylvester
 * Wollaston Medal: Auguste Daubrée

Births

 * January 18 – Paul Ehrenfest (died 1933), Austrian physicist and mathematician.
 * January 22 – Frigyes Riesz (died 1956), Hungarian mathematician.
 * February 17 – Reginald Farrer (died 1920), English botanist.
 * June 21 – Arnold Gesell (died 1961), American developmental psychologist.
 * June 24 – Oswald Veblen (died 1960), American mathematician.
 * August 17 – Paul Kammerer (died 1926), Austrian Lamarckian biologist.
 * October 15 – Marie Stopes (died 1958), English paleobotanist and pioneer of birth control.

Deaths

 * January 9 – William Budd (born 1811), English physician and epidemiologist.
 * May 6 – Friedrich Bayer (born 1825), German manufacturing chemist.
 * July 9 – Paul Broca (born 1824), French anthropologist.
 * October 5 – William Lassell (born 1799), English astronomer (died 1880)
 * December 31
 * Eric Holmes (born 1821), British chemist.
 * John Stenhouse (born 1809), Scottish chemist.