1939 Liechtenstein putsch

The 1939 Liechtenstein putsch, also known as the Annexation putsch (Anschlussputsch) was an unsuccessful coup d'état by the German National Movement in Liechtenstein (Volksdeutsche Bewegung in Liechtenstein or VDBL) designed to provoke Liechtenstein's annexation by Nazi Germany.

Background
Nazi groups had existed in Liechtenstein since 1933, primarily due to the rise of Nazi Germany and the introduction of anti-Jewish laws in Germany, which caused Liechtenstein to experience a large Jewish immigration. As a result, there was continuing antisemitic agitation in Liechtenstein throughout the 1930s. Most notably, the Rotter kidnapping was designed to be an impetus for the formation of an organized Nazi group in Liechtenstein, but it instead weakened such efforts for a time.

The 1938 Anschluss of Austria provided an impetus for the formation of the German National Movement in Liechtenstein (VDBL). In line with the Anschluss, the VDBL advocated the integration of Liechtenstein into Nazi Germany, and was associated with the slogan, Liechtenstein den Liechtensteinern! (Liechtenstein for the Liechtensteiners!), which conveyed a sense of racial right-wing populism in opposition to Franz Josef II, the ruling prince of Liechtenstein. Its membership included many members of the former Liechtenstein Homeland Service, which had merged with the Patriotic Union in January 1936.

It has been speculated that Franz I had given the regency to Franz Joseph on 31 March 1938 as he did not wish to remain in control of the principality if Nazi Germany were to invade, primarily because his wife Princess Elsa of Liechtenstein was of Jewish origin. In March 1938, the governing Progressive Citizens' Party and opposition Patriotic Union formed a coalition, assigned a roughly equal number of seats each, in order to prevent the VDBL from acquiring any seats in the Landtag.

Preparation and coup
The plan was drawn up by Nazi authorities in Feldkirch and the leader of the VDBL Theodor Schädler, although not backed by the German government itself. The plan was for members of the VDBL to march on Vaduz and seize control of the government, which it was hoped would cause clashes between them and the government. German troops from Feldkirch would then move into Liechtenstein in response to a call for help and incorporate the country into Germany. It has also been speculated that the Volksdeutsche Mittelstelle was involved in the coup.

In the late evening of 24 March 1939, in the same month of a visit by Franz Joseph II and Josef Hoop to Berlin where they met Adolf Hitler and Joachim von Ribbentrop, approximately 40 members of the VDBL starting from Nendeln marched towards Vaduz. However, in front of Schaan, opponents had gathered to stop them and the VDBL were convinced to turn back by government councillor Anton Frommelt who also blocked their telephone lines, in addition to aid from Ferdinand Risch.

Some VDBL members subsequently gathered outside of Schaan under the leadership of Theodor Schädler, but many others were prevented from leaving their homes by opponents. Further coup participants were supposed to close the Triesen-Balzers road and the Vaduz-Sevelen Rhine bridge in the wake of the German invasion, though the invasion did not happen as it was blocked on Adolf Hitler's orders after intervention by Deputy Prime Minister Alois Vogt. Instead, VDBL members resorted to burning swastikas in order to provoke an intervention from Nazi Germany.

Aftermath
After the coup's failure, 36 out of the over 100 participants fled to Feldkirch, and another 76 people were arrested and questioned, with about 50 of them being charged. However, out of fear of German intervention, they were all released in December 1939 on condition that they leave Liechtenstein.

During the attempted coup, a large majority of Jews living in Liechtenstein fled the country to Switzerland, though most returned in the days following its failure. The coup was unpopular with most people in Liechtenstein and it generated a strong sense of patriotic unity. This caused the Liechtenstein Loyalty Association to heighten its operations against the VDBL and launch a signature campaign to reaffirm Liechtenstein's independence, which was signed by 2492 citizens.

The VDBL was effectively defunct after the coup until it was relaunched by Alfons Goop in 1940. After World War II, twelve coup participants were put on trial on charges of high treason, of which seven were convicted in 1946. Alois Batliner, Franz Beck, and Josef Frick were each sentenced to five years in prison, while Egon Marxer and Goop were sentenced to 2.5 years, and Alois Kindle, Hermann Marxer, and Josef Gassner each received suspended two-month sentences. During the war, Batliner had served in the Schutzpolizei, while Marxer and Goop had served in the Waffen-SS on the Eastern Front.