2022 Wikimedia Foundation actions on the Arabic and Persian Wikipedias

The 2022 Wikimedia Foundation actions against users in the Middle East and North Africa region were a series of measures taken by the Wikimedia Foundation on December 6, 2022 against Arabic Wikipedia and Persian Wikipedia, which resulted in a total of 16 users being banned, including seven Arabic Wikipedia administrators. The Wikimedia Foundation stated that the Wikipedians were engaged in conflict-of-interest propaganda, while the human rights organization Democracy for the Arab World Now accused the Wikipedians of being controlled by the government of Saudi Arabia, and the action was related to the sentencing of two Arabic Wikipedians to 32 and 8 years respectively in Saudi Arabia in 2020.

Background
In September 2020, the Saudi Arabian government arrested Osama Khalid and Ziyad al-Sofiani, former administrators of the Arabic Wikipedia, on the same day, charging them with 'dominating public opinion' and 'violating public morals'. The country's Specialized Criminal Court for prosecuting political prisoners sentenced them to five and eight years in prison, respectively, in Riyadh's Al-Kharr Prison. In September 2022, the Specialized Criminal Court increased Khalid's sentence to 32 years on the same charges.

Actions
On December 6, 2022, the Wikimedia Foundation announced that following an internal investigation that began in January 2022, they blocked 16 users across the board for suspected 'conflict of interest editing'. Wikimedia Foundation stated, "During that investigation, we were able to identify a number of users with close ties to external parties who were editing the platform in a coordinated manner to further the goals of those parties."In its January 9, 2023 statement, the Wikimedia Foundation denied that all 16 individuals were in Saudi Arabia, but did not make public any details of its findings and 'conflict of interest editing'. The Wikimedia Foundation added that prior to launching their investigation in January 2022, they suspected conflict-of-interest editing on Wikipedia projects in the MENA region.

Of the 16 banned users, at least nine are from Saudi Arabia, including seven administrators, all of whom are nationals of that country. One is Kuwaiti, but edits mainly pages related to Saudi Arabia. 10 banned users edit mainly on Arabic Wikipedia, 3 banned users edit mainly on Farsi Wikipedia, and 3 banned users edit on both Persian and Arabic Wikipedia. All administrators based in Saudi Arabia have been banned by the Wikimedia Foundation.

Human rights groups have accused the blocked users of acting or being forced to act as agents of the Saudi Arabian government by "promoting positive content about the government and removing content critical of the government". Their edits included a softening of the tone on Jamal Khashoggi's murder, an entry promoting the Public Investment Fund, a profile of government minister Faisal Alibrahim, an entry on Crown Prince Mohammad bin Salman's "The Line" project, and an entry on the Iran-Greece ship seizure in 2022. The Wikimedia Foundation, for its part, said it was "unlikely that this was the case" and found no evidence of infiltration, adding that some of the blocked users "may have been Saudi Arabian".

Reactions
"The infiltration of Wikipedia is another example of the Saudi Arabian government's ongoing efforts to control online information and knowledge production in our region," said human rights activist Mohamed Najem. Another human rights activist, Sarah Leah Whitson, stated, "International organizations and corporations that think their subsidiaries can safely operate independently of the control of the Saudi Arabian government are deeply irresponsible."

The Arabic-speaking Wikipedia community expressed outrage at the action and called on the Wikimedia Foundation to create a more transparent model in which the community holds itself accountable.