4th Armoured Division (Syria)

The 4th Armoured Division (الفرقة الرابعة) is an elite formation of the Syrian Army whose primary purpose is to defend the Syrian government from internal and external threats. The division is considered one of the most combat-ready formations of the Syrian Arab Army. It played a key role in some battles of the Syrian Civil War.

1984–2011
The division has its roots in the Defense Companies commanded by Rifaat al-Assad, younger brother of President Hafez al-Assad. After Rifaat was banished from Syria in 1984, the Defense Companies were reorganised into the 569th Armoured Division, and later into the 4th Armoured Division.

The Division is regarded by some as the best trained and best equipped of the Syrian Army. The 4th Armoured Division, the Republican Guard, and Syria's secret police form the heart of the country's security forces. As a result, the Division is drawn mostly from members of the same Alawite group as the Assad family.

The Division has a military base in the south of Damascus, covering about 35 sqmi and including several mountain bunkers. Its main entrance gate is located next to the village of Al-Horjelah.

Syrian civil war
During the uprising phase of the Syrian civil war, the 4th Armoured Division played a key role in attempting to put down uprisings, being sent to quell protests in the southern city of Daraa, the coastal city of Baniyas, the central province of Homs and the northern province of Idlib. Alawite officers from the 4th Armoured Division have been sent to other formations within the Syrian army in an attempt by the government to keep a closer eye and firmer grip on many Sunni dominated formations, with the officers sent from the division relying on the division's fearsome reputation to keep soldiers in line.

Both the division as a whole and its component parts have been accused of engaging in human rights abuses during the Syrian uprising, such as arbitrary arrests and beatings, and the shooting of unarmed protesters. Their use by the Syrian regime in the uprising has led to many of the division's commanders being subject to EU sanctions and travel bans.

A July 2013 report by a pro-government websites stated that Maher al-Assad had been commanding troops in the Aleppo and Homs theatre of operations. Later in 2020, there were reports of their control over international border crossings, such as Nasib Border Crossing and other illegal border crossings between Lebanon and Syria, which are used as financial sources to cover their expenses.

Structure
As of 2021, the 4th Division consists of four brigades: 38, 40, 41, 42 and 138. Regiments 154, 333, 555, and 666 are affiliated with it. All of these military units belong to the Armored Corps. Specialized factions and brigades are affiliated with it as well. The 4th Division also has other army sectors and a number of regular soldiers, including conscripts and recruits, is approximately 18,000. The structure has a standard five-brigade composition of four armored and one motorized infantry brigades, with additional artillery, special forces units and logistics support units.

Up to 90% of the division's soldiers, numbering from 12 to 25 thousand people (according to various estimates), are professionals (contract soldiers), unlike most other Syrian Army units, formed from conscripts. About 80% of the division's soldiers and officers are Alawites. The 4th Division lost many experienced officers and runs its own training program, it is not adopting any practices brought in by Russia or incorporated by other army units.

Weapons
It has about 500 tanks of various models, in addition to armored vehicles (APCs, IFVs) for transporting supplies, infantry, etc. The 4th Division is armed with the tanks T-90, T-72AV, T-72M1, T-72B3, T-62M and T-55AM/MV/AMV. Also, some T-72 tanks are equipped with the Italian fire control system TURMS-T with a commander’s panoramic sight and are designated as T-72S. Syrian-made T-72 Adra and T-72 Shafrah are also part of the armored units. Artillery consists of a 122mm self-propelled gun 2S1 Gvozdika, Golan MLRS and Burkan (both MLRS in the 42nd Armored Brigade).

Order of Battle (2021)

 * 4th Armoured Division (2021)
 * 38th Armored Brigade
 * 40th Armored Brigade
 * 41st Armored Brigade
 * 42nd Armored Brigade
 * 138th Mechanized Brigade
 * 154th Artillery Regiment
 * 333rd Infantry Regiment
 * 555th Special Forces (Airborne) Regiment
 * 666th Infantry Regiment
 * Al-Imam Hussein Brigade
 * Harakat Hezbollah al-Nujaba Syrian-wing

Operational history in the Syrian Civil War
The division played a key role in the early insurgency phase of the Syrian civil war (2011–2012) in the government's attempts to defeat the rebels. The division's units were deployed in the city of Daraa, the coastal city of Baniyas, Homs, Idlib, Aleppo and others. Since 2012, the division has been stationed in Damascus. The first major operation outside of Damascus Governorate in which the 4th Division took part was Battle for Idlib in 2012. The division then conducted operations in the western and northern parts of the Damascus governorate, which consisted of blocking rebel enclaves in Wadi Barad, Jimraya, in the west Ghouta and in Al-Tal. Subsequently, the division led the siege of Darayya and Muadamiyat.

In June 2013, it was reported that commander of the division General Maher al-Assad was commanding government troops in Homs and Aleppo. After the start of Russian military operation in Syria in 2015, the division was able to take the cities of Muadamiyat al-Sham, Khan al-Shih, Darayya and the Wadi Barada valley. In 2017, the division took on combat operations in Qaboun, which ended with victory. In November 2017, division units took part in the assault on Abu Kamal. Between 2019 and 2020, the unit also participated in the Dawn of Idlib 1 and Dawn of Idlib 2 operations. Between 1 and 3 March 2020, the 4th Division and 9th Armoured Division stormed Al-Sanamayn during the 2020 Daraa Clashes. The division led the anti-rebel operations during the 2021 Daraa offensive. In March 2024, units of the 42nd Brigade have deployed to Deir Ez-Zor. It is the first combat deployment for the 4th Division since 2020 Dawn of Idlib 2 operation.