5-inch/25-caliber gun

The 5"/25 caliber gun (spoken "five-inch-twenty-five-caliber") entered service as the standard heavy anti-aircraft (AA) gun for United States Washington Naval Treaty cruisers commissioned in the 1920s and 1930s. The goal of the 5"/25 design was to produce a heavy AA gun that was light enough to be rapidly trained manually. The gun was also mounted on pre-World War II battleships and aircraft carriers until replaced by the standard widespread dual-purpose 5"/38 caliber gun, which was derived from the 5"/25. Guns removed from battleships were probably converted for submarine use by late 1943, while a purpose-built variant for submarines was available in mid-1944, and was widely used by them. United States naval gun terminology indicates the gun fired a projectile 5 inches (127 mm) in diameter, and the barrel was 25 calibers long (that is, for a 5" bore and a barrel length of 25 calibers, 5" x 25 = 125", or about 3.2 meters). It is referred to sometimes as a dual-purpose gun and sometimes as an anti-aircraft gun, because of its comparative weakness against surface targets.

History
The gun weighed about 2 metric tons and used fixed ammunition (case and projectile handled as a single assembled unit) with a 9.6-pound (4.4 kg) charge of smokeless powder to give a 54-pound (24 kg) projectile a velocity of 2100 feet per second (640 m/s). The ceiling was 27400 ft at the maximum elevation of 85 degrees. Useful life expectancy was 4260 effective full charges (EFC) per barrel. The short barrel of the 5"/25 made it much easier to train manually against fast-moving targets. These guns were manually controlled so the short barrel and light weight made it an early favorite as an anti-aircraft gun. Another key feature was power loading, allowing rapid fire at high elevation angles. The 5"/38 caliber gun replaced the 5"/25 as the anti-aircraft weapon of choice on new construction by the mid-1930s due to its better range, velocity against surface targets, and higher vertical ceiling. The 5"/38 was effectively a compromise between the shorter-barreled 5"/25 (intended primarily for air targets) and the longer-barreled 5-inch/51-caliber gun (intended primarily for surface targets) in order to create a highly-effective dual-purpose naval gun.

5"/25 guns removed from pre-war battleships (especially those rebuilt after Pearl Harbor) had their barrel linings chromed. These guns were remounted for submarine use beginning in late 1943 for extra firepower against small boats and sampans often encountered off the coast of Japan and elsewhere in the Pacific Theater, replacing the earlier 3-inch and 4-inch guns. New production Mark 17 5"/25 guns on the Mark 40 mount designed for submarines became available in mid-1944; USS Spadefish (SS-411) was the first submarine built with this gun. Some submarines had two of these weapons. The Mark 17 gun in the Mark 40 submarine gun mount may have used semi-fixed ammunition (case and projectile handled separately), but existing WW II photographs, drawings of ammunition storage, and museum ships all show fixed ammunition (one piece service round). It had a range of 14500 yd at the maximum elevation of 40 degrees. The submarine mounting had manual elevation, train, and loading with no power assist.

From late 1944 some submarines were built or refitted with two of these weapons. The first of these was USS Sennet (SS-408), commissioned on 22 August 1944. In February–March 1945 she operated with two other two-gun submarines, USS Haddock (SS-231) and USS Lagarto (SS-371), in a wolfpack with significant success. To further improve the effectiveness of the two-gun configuration, seven submarines were fitted with a Mark 6 "Baby Ford" fire control computer with a Mark 6 stable element to correct for pitch and roll. The first of these was USS Sea Cat (SS-399), followed by USS Flying Fish (SS-229), USS Entemedor (SS-340), USS Sea Dog (SS-401), USS Sea Poacher (SS-406), USS Sea Robin (SS-407), and Sennet. However, some of these refits were completed in September 1945, too late to see action.

Ships mounting 5"/25 caliber guns
(all heavy and light cruisers in the list are "treaty cruisers")

(none of the heavy cruisers appear to ever have had their secondary battery upgraded, despite quite a few having been heavily damaged and extensively repaired).

The heavy cruiser USS Wichita (CA-45) (ca. 1935), the last 2 of the Brooklyn-class cruiser light cruisers (ca. 1937), the North Carolina-class battleship of battleships (ca. 1937) and the Yorktown-class aircraft carrier aircraft carriers (ca. 1934) were originally built with the more modern 5-inch/38 guns.


 * 2 Pensacola-class cruiser (ca. 1927) heavy cruisers:
 * USS Pensacola (CA-24), USS Salt Lake City (CA-25)
 * two each port and starboard of the forward superstructure
 * two each port and starboard of the aft superstructure
 * 6 Northampton-class cruiser (ca. 1928) heavy cruisers:
 * USS Northampton (CA-26), USS Chester (CA-27), USS Louisville (CA-28), USS Chicago (CA-29), USS Houston (CA-30), USS Augusta (CA-31)
 * four each port and starboard of the aft superstructure
 * originally built with 4 guns and later upgraded


 * 2 Portland-class cruiser (ca. 1930) heavy cruisers:
 * USS Portland (CA-33), USS Indianapolis (CA-35)
 * same layout as Northampton
 * 7 New Orleans-class cruiser (ca. 1931) heavy cruisers:
 * USS New Orleans (CA-32), USS Astoria (CA-34), USS Minneapolis (CA-36), USS Tuscaloosa (CA-37), USS San Francisco (CA-38), USS Quincy (CA-39), USS Vincennes (CA-44)
 * four each port and starboard of the forward superstructure extending past the stacks


 * 7 of 9 Brooklyn-class cruiser (ca. 1935) light cruisers:
 * USS Brooklyn (CL-40), USS Philadelphia (CL-41), USS Savannah (CL-42), USS Nashville (CL-43), USS Phoenix (CL-46), USS Boise (CL-47), USS Honolulu (CL-48)
 * four each side adjacent to the forward superstructure extending past the stacks
 * Savannah and Honolulu secondary battery was later upgraded
 * 2 of 9, St. Louis and Helena (ca. 1937), originally built with 5-inch/38 gun mounts.


 * 2 Lexington-class aircraft carrier (ca. 1921 - 1925) aircraft carriers:
 * USS Lexington (CV-2), USS Saratoga (CV-3)
 * 6 per side
 * replaced with 5-inch/38 guns by May 1942 on Saratoga during a surprise visit to the drydock
 * still on Lexington when sunk in May 1942


 * USS Ranger (CV-4) (ca. 1931)
 * originally built with 8 guns


 * 2 Nevada-class battleship battleships:
 * USS Nevada (BB-36), USS Oklahoma (BB-37)
 * 8 installed in 1927-1930 refits
 * replaced with 5-inch/38 guns on Nevada in 1942


 * 2 Pennsylvania-class battleship battleships:
 * USS Pennsylvania (BB-38), USS Arizona (BB-39)
 * 8 installed in 1929 refit
 * replaced with 5-inch/38 guns on Pennsylvania in 1942


 * 3 New Mexico-class battleship battleships:
 * USS New Mexico (BB-40), USS Mississippi (BB-41), USS Idaho (BB-42)
 * 8 installed in early 1930 modernization
 * replaced with 5-inch/38 guns on Idaho in 1942
 * still on New Mexico and Mississippi at the end of the war


 * 2 Tennessee-class battleship battleships:
 * USS Tennessee (BB-43), USS California (BB-44)
 * 8 installed in 1928-1930 refits
 * replaced with 5-inch/38 guns in 1942


 * 3 Colorado-class battleship battleships:
 * USS Colorado (BB-45), USS Maryland (BB-46), USS West Virginia (BB-48)
 * 8 installed in 1928-1930 modernization
 * replaced with 5-inch/38 guns in 1942 on Maryland and West Virginia
 * still on Colorado at the end of the war


 * Gato-class submarines (as a typical upgrade)
 * Balao-class submarines (standard)
 * Tench-class submarines (standard)