73 (number)

73 (seventy-three) is the natural number following 72 and preceding 74. In English, it is the smallest natural number with twelve letters in its spelled out name.

In mathematics
73 is the 21st prime number, and emirp with 37, the 12th prime number. It is also the eighth twin prime, with 71. It is the largest minimal primitive root in the first 100,000 primes; in other words, if $p$ is one of the first one hundred thousand primes, then at least one of the numbers 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, ..., 73 is a primitive root modulo $p$. 73 is also the smallest factor of the first composite generalized Fermat number in decimal: $$10^{4}+1=10,001=73\times 137$$, and the smallest prime congruent to 1 modulo 24, as well as the only prime repunit in octal (1118). It is the fourth star number.

Sheldon prime
Where 73 and 37 are part of the sequence of permutable primes and emirps in base-ten, the number 73 is more specifically the unique Sheldon prime, named as an homage to Sheldon Cooper and defined as satisfying "mirror" and "product" properties, where:


 * 73 has 37 as the mirroring of its decimal digits. 73 is the 21st prime number, and 37 the 12th. The "mirror property" is fulfilled when 73 has a mirrored permutation of its digits (37) that remains prime. Similarly, their respective prime indices (21 and 12) in the list of prime numbers are also permutations of the same digits (1, and 2).
 * 73 is the 21st prime number. It satisfies the "product property" since the product of its decimal digits is precisely in equivalence with its index in the sequence of prime numbers. i.e., 21 = 7 × 3. On the other hand, 37 does not fulfill the product property, since, naturally, its digits also multiply to 21; therefore, the only number to fulfill this property between these two numbers is 73, and as such it is the only "Sheldon prime".

Further properties ligating 73 and 37
Arithmetically, from sums of 73 and 37 with their prime indexes, one obtains:

Meanwhile, 73 and 37 have a range of 37 numbers, inclusive of both 37 and 73; their difference, on the other hand, is 36, or thrice 12. Also,

Where 73 is the ninth member of Hogben's central polygonal numbers, which enumerates the maximal number of interior regions formed by nine intersecting circles, members in this sequence also include 307, 343, and 703 as the 18th, 19th, and 27th indexed numbers, respectively (where $777 = 3 × 37 × 7 = 21 × 37$); while 3, 7 and 21 are also in this sequence, as the 2nd, 3rd, and 5th members.



73 and 37 are also consecutive star numbers, equivalently consecutive centered dodecagonal (12-gonal) numbers (respectively the 4th and the 3rd). They are successive lucky primes and sexy primes, both twice over,  and successive Pierpont primes, respectively the 9th and 8th. 73 and 37 are consecutive values of $$g(k)$$ such that every positive integer can be written as the sum of 73 or fewer sixth powers, or 37 or fewer fifth powers (and 19 or fewer fourth powers; see Waring's problem).

In binary, 73 is represented as $703$, while 21 in binary is $3.7$, with 7 and 3 represented as $373$ and $337 + 373 + 733 = 1443$ respectively, all which are palindromic. Of the seven binary digits representing 73, there are three 1s. In addition to having prime factors 7 and 3, the number $343 = 7 × 7 × 7 = 7^{3}$ represents the ternary (base-3) equivalent of the decimal numeral 7, that is to say: $3 + 4$.

Sierpiński numbers
73 and 37 are consecutive primes in the seven-integer covering set of the first known Sierpiński number 78,557 of the form $$k \times 2^{n} + 1$$ that is composite for all natural numbers $$n$$, where 73 is the largest member: $$\{3, 5, 7, 13, 19, 37, 73\}.$$ More specifically, $$78,557 \times 2^{n} + 1$$ modulo 36 will be divisible by at least one of the integers in this set.

Consider the following sequence $$A(n)$$:
 * Let $$k$$ be a Sierpiński number or Riesel number divisible by $$2n - 1$$, and let $$p$$ be the largest number in a set of primes which cover every number of the form $$k \times 2^{m} + 1$$ or of the form $$k \times 2^{m} - 1$$, with $$m \geq 1$$;
 * $$A(n)$$ equals $$p$$ if and only if there exists no number $$k$$ that has a covering set with largest prime greater than $$p$$.

Known such index values $$n$$ where $$p$$ is equal to 73 as the largest member of such covering sets are: $$\{1, 6, 9, 12, 15, 16, 21, 22, 24, 27\}$$, with 37 present alongside 73. In particular, $$A(n)$$ ≥ 73 for any $$n$$.

In addition, 73 is the largest member in the covering set $$\{5,7,13,73\}$$ of the smallest proven generalized Sierpiński number of the form $$k \times b^{n} + 1$$ in nonary $$(2,344 \times 9^{n} + 1)$$, while it is also the largest member of the covering set $$\{7, 11, 13, 73\}$$ that belongs to the smallest such provable number in decimal $$(9,175 \times 10^n + 1)$$ — both in congruencies $$\text {mod } 6$$.

Other properties


73 is one of the fifteen left-truncatable and right-truncatable primes in decimal, meaning it remains prime when the last "right" digit is successively removed and it remains prime when the last "left" digit is successively removed; and because it is a twin prime (with 71), it is the only two-digit twin prime that is both a left-truncatable and right-truncatable prime.

The row sum of Lah numbers of the form $$L(n,k) = \textstyle {\left\lfloor {n \atop k} \right\rfloor}$$ with $$n = 4$$ and $$k = {1, 2, 3, 4}$$ is equal to $$73$$. These numbers represent coefficients expressing rising factorials in terms of falling factorials, and vice-versa; equivalently in this case to the number of partitions of $$\{{1,2,3,4}\}$$ into any number of lists, where a list means an ordered subset.

73 requires 115 steps to return to 1 in the Collatz problem, and 37 requires 21: {37, 112, 56, 28, 14, 7, 22, 11, 34, 17, 52, 26, 13, 40, 20, 10, 5, 16, 8, 4, 2, 1}. Collectively, the sum between these steps is 136, the 16th triangular number, where {16, 8, 4, 2, 1} is the only possible step root pathway.

There are 73 three-dimensional arithmetic crystal classes that are part of 230 crystallographic space group types. These 73 groups are specifically symmorphic groups such that all operating lattice symmetries have one common fixed isomorphic point, with the remaining 157 groups nonsymmorphic (the 37th prime is 157).

In five-dimensional space, there are 73 Euclidean solutions of 5-polytopes with uniform symmetry, excluding prismatic forms: 19 from the $$\mathrm A_{5}$$ simplex group, 23 from the $$\mathrm D_{5}$$ demihypercube group, and 31 from the $$\mathrm B_{5}$$ hypercubic group, of which 15 equivalent solutions are shared between $$\mathrm D_{5}$$ and $$\mathrm B_{5}$$ from distinct polytope operations.

In moonshine theory of sporadic groups, 73 is the first non-supersingular prime greater than 71 that does not divide the order of the largest sporadic group $$\mathrm {F_{1}}$$. All primes greater than or equal to 73 are non-supersingular, while 37, on the other hand, is the smallest prime number that is not supersingular. $$\mathrm {F_{1}}$$ contains a total of 194 conjugacy classes that involve 73 distinct orders (without including multiplicities over which letters run).

73 is the largest member of a 17-integer matrix definite quadratic that represents all prime numbers: {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47, 67, 73}, with consecutive primes between 2 through 47.

In science

 * The atomic number of tantalum.

In astronomy

 * Messier object M73, a magnitude 9.0 apparent open cluster in the constellation Aquarius.
 * The New General Catalogue object NGC 73, a barred spiral galaxy in the constellation Cetus.
 * The number of seconds it took for the Space Shuttle Challenger OV-099 shuttle to explode after launch.
 * 73 is the number of rows in the 1,679-bit Arecibo message, sent to space in search for extraterrestrial intelligence.

In chronology

 * The year AD 73, 73 BC, or 1973.
 * The number of days in 1/5 of a non-leap year.
 * The 73rd day of a non-leap year is March 14, also known as Pi Day.

In other fields
73 is also:
 * The number of books in the Catholic Bible.
 * Amateur radio operators and other morse code users commonly use the number 73 as a "92 Code" abbreviation for "best regards", typically when ending a QSO (a conversation with another operator). These codes also facilitate communication between operators who may not be native English speakers. In Morse code, 73 is an easily recognized palindrome: ( - - · · ·    · · · - - ).
 * 73 (also known as 73 Amateur Radio Today) was an amateur radio magazine published from 1960 to 2003.
 * 73 was the number on the Torpedo Patrol (PT) boat in the TV show McHale's Navy.
 * The registry of the U.S. Navy's nuclear aircraft carrier USS George Washington (CVN-73), named after U.S. President George Washington.
 * No. 73 was the name of a 1980s children's television programme in the United Kingdom. It ran from 1982 to 1988 and starred Sandi Toksvig.
 * Pizza 73 is a Canadian pizza chain.
 * Game show Match Game '73 in 1973.
 * Fender Rhodes Stage 73 Piano.
 * Sonnet 73 by William Shakespeare.
 * The number of the French department Savoie.
 * On a CB radio, 10-73 means "speed trap at..."

In sports

 * In international curling competitions, each side is given 73 minutes to complete all of its throws.
 * In baseball, the single-season home run record set by Barry Bonds in 2001.
 * In basketball, the number of games the Golden State Warriors won in the 2015–16 season (73–9), the most wins in NBA history.
 * NFL: In the 1940 NFL championship game, the Bears beat the Redskins 73–0, the largest score ever in an NFL game. (The Redskins won their previous regular season game, 7–3.)

Doctor Who
In a 2024 episode of Doctor Who, "73 Yards", the character Ruby Sunday is haunted by a mysterious woman who is always standing exactly 73 yards away from her.

The Big Bang Theory
73 is Sheldon Cooper's favorite number in The Big Bang Theory. He first expresses his love for it in "The Alien Parasite Hypothesis, the 73rd episode of The Big Bang Theory.". Jim Parsons was born in the year 1973. He often wears a t-shirt with the number 73 on it.