ADVANCE Act

The Accelerating Deployment of Versatile, Advanced Nuclear for Clean Energy Act of 2024, or the ADVANCE Act of 2024, is a piece of legislation passed by the 118th United States Congress to accelerate the development of generation IV nuclear reactor technology and keep existing United States nuclear electric power plants online. The Act was introduced in the Senate by Shelley Moore Capito in March 2023 as the ADVANCE Act of 2023. The bill was passed by the Senate in June 2024. A companion bill, the Atomic Energy Advancement Act, similarly reducing licensing fees for advanced nuclear technologies and opposing the Chinese and Russian nuclear sector, passed in the House of Representatives in February 2024. It was not passed alone; the ADVANCE Act was incorporated into the Fire Grants and Safety Act, a reauthorization signed into law on July 9, 2024.

The act is considered one of the most important federal clean energy measures since the Inflation Reduction Act.

Political climate
The bill passed amid bipartisan support for nuclear energy, which is popular with Democrats as a means to decarbonize electrical generation and with Republicans for jobs and reliable base load electricity. Chairman Tom Carper (D‑DE) of the Senate Environment and Public Works Committee called it "a major victory for our climate and American energy security", and ranking member Shelley Moore Capito (R‑WV) described nuclear energy as important to the country. Both praised the bipartisan support for the bill, which passed the Senate 88–2. (The House version passed 393–13. )

High costs, complex permitting requirements, and development difficulties for advanced nuclear reactors have slowed US nuclear expansion in recent decades. Companies such as TerraPower, which was awaiting in July 2024 a permit for its Natrium reactor in Wyoming, stand to benefit from permitting reforms. Large, traditional reactor designs have struggled; Vogtle Electric Generating Plant units 3 and 4, the first to come online in decades, did so years behind schedule and at a cost of about $35 billion; the original budget was $14 billion.

Climate advocates are divided on the utility of nuclear power, which does not directly emit greenhouse gasses. Critics note that small modular reactors (SMRs), which promise lowered capital and space requirements, are not commercially ready. Cost overruns and uncertain permitting times have hindered nuclear development. However, nuclear fission offers a steady complement to intermittent renewable energy sources such as solar and wind.

Non-proliferation advocates, such as the Union of Concerned Scientists, warned against relaxed licensing for advanced nuclear reactors, such as those fueled by high-assay low-enriched uranium (HALEU). Small advanced reactors require such fuel. Edwin Lyman of the UCS stated that the ADVANCE Act would increase risks downwind of nuclear facilities.

The act's support of US nuclear exports and prohibition of Russian and Chinese nuclear fuels come after May's Prohibiting Russian Uranium Imports Act, which aims to reduce global dependency on Russian fuel supplies.

Provisions
According to its official summary at Congress.gov, the ADVANCE Act's provisions are intended to support the development and deployment of advanced nuclear fuels in the US and allied countries, restrict enriched uranium imports from Russia and China, remediate contaminated lands, and "establish related requirements". The act includes,


 * incentives for nuclear technology development and deployment, with prize awards for deployment and reduced fees for licensing
 * extension through 2045 of the nuclear industry liability limitations in indemnification policy of the Price-Anderson Act
 * a requirement for the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) to develop a process for timely nuclear licensing at brownfield sites and improve its licensing capacity for advanced nuclear fuel, hiring staff as necessary
 * a requirement for the NRC to "coordinate certain international nuclear activities"
 * authorization for certain foreign entities to receive licenses under the Atomic Energy Act of 1954
 * authorization for the EPA to assist in remediating certain hazardous abandoned mines on tribal lands

The act changes the mission statement of the NRC to "not unnecessarily limit" nuclear power, a change that has drawn criticism.

Licensing
The ADVANCE Act is intended to cut licensing costs for advanced nuclear reactor technologies, accelerate licensing at certain sites, and create a prize for deployment of next-generation nuclear reactors.

The act aims to simplify permitting overall, reducing fees and delays. The act requires the NRC to report ways to streamline and quicken environmental reviews for reactors.

The act is intended to accelerate licensing at certain sites, including for additional reactors at existing nuclear power plants and for SMR licensing at former fossil fuel power sites and other brownfield sites, which would include TerraPower's Natrium demonstration plant at PacifiCorp's Naughton coal-fired power station.

For next-generation nuclear reactors, the act directs the NRC to lower licensing fees for advanced reactors and improve its capacity to license advanced and accident-tolerant nuclear fuels, with funding granted to hire necessary staff.

The act establishes a prize, equal to NRC licensing fees, to be given upon the first advanced reactor permit issued to the Tennessee Valley Authority or a non-federal entity.

Foreign exports
The act allows the NRC to issue licenses to OECD and Indian entities, where the Atomic Energy Act had prohibited the NRC from issuing licenses to foreign entities.

The act also directs the DOE streamline its nuclear export approval process and creates incentives for nuclear technology export. The act authorizes the Department of Commerce and Department of Energy to facilitate public–private financing partnerships for the export of nuclear power technology.