A History of Political Theory

A History of Political Theory is a book by George Holland Sabine on the history of political thought from Ancient Greece to fascism and Nazism in the 1930s. First published in 1937, it propounds a hypothesis that theories of politics are themselves a part of politics. That is, they do not refer to an external reality but are produced as a normal part of the social milieu in which politics itself has its being.

The book has been translated into Arabic, Greek, Indonesian, Italian, Japanese, and Spanish.

In 1973, Dryden Press issued a fourth edition, revised by Thomas Landon Thorson.

Contents
Part I : The Theory of the City-State

1. The City-State

2. Political Thought Before Plato

3. Plato, The Republic

4. Plato, The Statesman and The Laws

5. Aristotle, Political Ideals

6. Aristotle, Political Actualities

7. The Twilight of the City-State

Part II : The Theory of the Universal Community

8. The Law of the Nature

9. Cicero and the Roman Lawyers

10. Seneca and the Fathers of the Church

11. The Folk and its Laws

12. The Investiture Controversy

13. Universitas Hominum

14. Philip the Fair and Boniface VIII

15. Marsilio of Padua and William of Occam

16. The Conciliar Theory of Church Government

Part III : The Theory of the Nation State

17. Machiavelli

18. The Early Protestant Reformers

19. Royalist and Anti-Royalist Theories

20. Jean Bodin

21. The Modernized Theory of Natural Law

22. England : Preparation for Civil War

23. Thomas Hobbes

24. Radicals and Communists

25. The Republicans : Harrington, Milton, and Sidney

26. Halifax and Locke

27. France : The Decadence of Natural Law

28. The Rediscovery of the Community : Rousseau

29. Convention and Tradition : Hume and Burke

30. Hegel : Dialectic and Nationalism

31. Liberalism : Philosophical Radicalism

32. Liberalism Modernized

33. Marx and Dialectical Materialism

34. Communism

35. Fascism and National Socialism

Reviews
The book received several favorable reviews soon after publication. Floyd House noted "adequate scholarship, his interpretations are highly intelligent, and he has covered the ground with surprising comprehensiveness."

James Leahigh wrote that it was "as objective and unbiased a study of the many characters presented throughout his work as any hitherto attempted compendious history of political theory."

Leland Jenks chose to review it with ten other works on political theory and noted, "Half of Sabine's material is devoted to men before Bodin, and his treatment of the nineteenth century while brilliant is relatively brief." Jenks considers the natural audience for it to be "best for students who are to apprehend the importance of political speculation in the history of social thought." Jenks admired Sabine's composition: "Sabine is most successful in integrating theories of successive writers as coherent wholes, and in discerning logical discrepancies. He provides an original and searching critique, from the explicit standpoint of Humean empiricism." The role of value systems in politics is acknowledged: "Sabine is especially effective in showing the relativity of social thought to general value systems in different societies."

When the book was revised in 1950, Journal of Philosophy reviewer C. F. noted the new edition "more strongly emphasizes the wide separation between the moral temper of democracy and that of communism."

Thorson edition
Thomas Landon Thorson, author of Logic of Democracy (1962) and Biopolitics (1970), revised A History of Political Theory in 1973 for a fourth edition. He explains the revisions in a preface:


 * A new first chapter has been added which attempts to put the history of political theory into context both of the evolution of man and of pre-Greek, pre-philosophic thought.... A variety of judgements scattered throughout the discussion have been softened, generally by omitting words or sentences, most notably in the chapter on Hegel where several pages have been omitted.

The new first chapter refers to cultural evolution:
 * To borrow a way of talking from biology, we can say that just as nature at a certain time and place evolved mammals, so did the culture-bearing animal evolve and come to carry with him disciplined, self-conscious political inquiry.

To maintain such an anthropological scope, Thorson sketches the dominant cultures before the arrival of democracy in Greece. He concedes a Middle Eastern dominance.
 * Beginning around 1700 B.C., a wave of invasions from the north opened up a new phase in development of mankind.

Thorson then quotes William Hardy McNeill:
 * ...a cluster of petty Greek city-states had begun to create a civilization which while drawing upon the Orient for many of its elements, was nevertheless profoundly different in quality. This civilization became a lodestar...

Thorson describes the global situation then:
 * The era of Middle Eastern dominance thereby came to an end; and a complicated cultural interplay began among the major civilized communities of Europe, the Middle East, India and China.