Abercraf English

Abercraf English (also known as Abercrave English) is a dialect of Welsh English, primarily spoken in the village of Abercraf, located in the far south of the traditional county of Brecknockshire, currently administered as part of the unitary authority of Powys.

Accent
Abercraf English is distinct from most other accents in its county due to separation by the Brecon Beacons, creating a substantial communication barrier between the localities. It is more appropriate to associate it with neighbouring Swansea Valley, particularly the speech in northern areas (esp. Ystalyfera) since they are more similar to Abercraf than ones in most of its county, excepting Ystradgynlais. This could be seen from a survey where speakers could not discern the origins of the speech of Ystradgynlais and their hometown, but were able to discern Cwmtwrch with other villages in the valley.

History
Abercraf was entirely Welsh-speaking until World War II, when English-speaking evacuees settled in the village. It is a relatively young acquired dialect. This can be seen from generally less assimilation and elision and clear articulation unlike other accents in Brecknockshire or Glamorgan. Being a more modern accent causes it to be restricted to the last two to three generations, with younger people being much more likely to speak it; although a lot of their daily lives is conducted in Welsh, thus causing English to be taught as a second language.

Consonants
Like many other accents in Britain, Abercraf's consonants generally follow that of Received Pronunciation, although it does have some unique innovations common for South Wales dialects:
 * As in Port Talbot, consonants can be geminated by any preceding vowel except long non-close vowels, and is most noticeable in fortis plosives and when they are in intervocalic positions.
 * Strong aspiration for the voiceless plosives as  in stressed syllables when in initial position.
 * Regular G-dropping, where the suffix -ing is pronounced as.
 * is regularly a tapped.
 * Marginal loan consonants from Welsh may be used for Welsh proper nouns and expressions, yet  is often heard in the discourse particle right.
 * The -es morphemic suffix in words like goes, tomatoes is often voiceless instead of  found elsewhere.
 * Like with Scottish English, the suffix -ths such as in baths, paths and mouths is rendered as instead of.
 * H-dropping is quite common in informal speech, although is pronounced in emphatic speech and while reading word lists.
 * is always clear, likewise there is no vowel breaking.

Vowels
Abercraf English is non-rhotic; is only pronounced before a vowel. Like RP, linking and intrusive R is present in the system. On the other hand, the vowel system varies greatly from RP, unlike its consonants, which is stable in many English accents around the world.

Monophthongs



 * and are close to cardinal  and.
 * The vowel is always tense, being analysed as the  vowel, where conservative RP has the lax.
 * is unrounded and mid . Unlike accents in West Glamorgan which have a rounded, Abercraf's realisation is identical to RP; a similar articulation had also been recorded in Myddfai.
 * There is no phonemic distinction between and, with the merged vowel being realised as open-mid  in stressed syllables and as mid  when unstressed. It is transcribed as  because the stressed allophone is close to RP.
 * When unstressed and spelt with an $⟨e⟩$, the vowel is preferred, such as cricket, fastest and movement. Likewise when spelt with $⟨a⟩$, it varies from  to.
 * There is no horse–hoarse merger, with the first set pronounced as, and the second respectively.
 * Like all accents of Wales, the –, – and – sets are based more on length rather than vowel quality; creating minimal pairs such as shared–shed, heart–hat and short–shot.
 * The – vowels are close to cardinal.
 * and are close to cardinal . In the case of the former, its articulation is considerably more open than the corresponding RP vowel.
 * Pairs – are relatively centralised, although may approach to the front.
 * The trap–bath split is completely absent in Abercraf English unlike other Welsh accents which have lexical exceptions.

Diphthongs


The offsets of the fronting diphthongs are near-close, whereas the offsets of the backing diphthongs are close.
 * The onset is closer to open mid, despite its transcription as.
 * There are no minimal pairs between words such as aye/I and Dai/Di, unlike in Port Talbot. Like in Myddfai, the onset of  is more open, compared to other Welsh accents such as West Glamorgan.
 * has a near-open onset, sharing a similar vowel quality as Myddfai, which is also more open than that of West Glamorgan.

Abercraf has kept some distinctions between diphthong–monophthong pronunciations; they are shared among other south Welsh dialects such as Port Talbot. These distinctions are lost in most other dialects and they include: and are not centring diphthongs unlike RP, rather a disyllabic vowel sequence consisting of the equivalent long vowel as the first element and the  vowel, such that these words are pronounced  and  respectively.
 * When is spelt with $⟨ew⟩$, diphthongal  replaces monophthongal, thus blew/blue and threw/through are distinct.
 * The sequence is pronounced as  when $⟨y⟩$ is represented in the spelling, otherwise, as in you/youth as opposed to use/ewe. When unstressed and after non-coronal consonants,  uses the  vowel instead.
 * Absence of toe–tow and pain–pane mergers, therefore there are distinct monophthongal and diphthongal pronunciations of and  lexical sets. They are diphthongs  and  when the spelling contains $⟨i⟩$/$⟨y⟩$ and $⟨u⟩$/$⟨w⟩$ respectively, otherwise they are monophthongs  and . A good illustration is that of the word play-place . Monophthongal pronunciations  and  are both close-mid; they match their cardinal equivalents. The diphthongal pronunciations have less movement compared to other south Welsh accents, with the onsets of each evidently being close-mid. Exceptions to this rule also exist similar to Port Talbot English, but  is slightly different in Abercraf:
 * The monophthong is generally used before nasals and in the sequence $⟨-atiV⟩$, therefore strange and patience is pronounced.
 * Certain minimal pairs that are not distinct in Port Talbot English, but are in Abercraf, such as waste/waist. In Port Talbot these two are pronounced monophthongally.
 * Like Port Talbot English, has a monosyllabic pronunciation  word-initially, including after dropped, making hear, here, year and ear all homophones. Likewise, heard also has this vowel.

Phonemic incidence
Abercraf English generally follows West Glamorgan lexical incidence patterns.


 * The first syllable in area may use the vowel instead of.
 * Only one syllable is in co-op, being homophonous to cop.
 * Haulier has the vowel unlike other accents which have.
 * Renowned was once pronounced with, although this is a spelling pronunciation and standard does exist.
 * Unstressed to regularly has over  even before consonants.
 * Tooth has the vowel instead of, which shares its pronunciation with the Midlands and Northern England.
 * Want has the vowel, although this pronunciation was known among non-Welsh speakers of English.
 * The vowel in whole uses instead of the usual.

Assimilation and elision
As mentioned above, there is less assimilation and elision than in other accents, however some consonants can be elided:


 * is assimilated as in the appropriate environments as RP. Likewise, the  in government is elided.
 * Unlike other colloquial accents in Britain, elision alveolar plosives before consonants is not common.  was elided in first job and next week but not in soft wood, on the other hand  is rarely elided in binds and old boy and clearly rendered in could be, headmaster and standard one.
 * is retracted to before another  as in bus shelter but not before palatal  in this year (see yod-coalescence).

The vowel is not elided, thus factory, mandarin, reference always have three syllables, unlike many accents such as RP or even Port Talbot.

Intonation
Abercraf English is considered to have a 'sing-song' or 'lilting' intonation due to having high amount of pitch on an unstressed post-tonic syllable, as well as pre-tonic syllables having a great degree of freedom, with a continuous rising pitch being common.