Agnibaan SOrTeD

Agnibaan SOrTeD (short form of SubOrbital Technological Demonstrator) is a suborbital technological demonstrator of the Agnibaan launch vehicle, manufactured by Indian space startup Agnikul Cosmos.

Description
The SOrTeD mission is a single-stage launch vehicle demonstration that is powered by a semi-cryogenic engine called the Agnilet. The 6.2 meter-tall vehicle has an elliptical nose cone at the top to protect the package from harsh conditions during the flight.

Unlike traditional sounding rockets that typically launch from guide rails, Agnibaan SOrTeD lifts off vertically and follows a predetermined trajectory while executing a precisely coordinated series of maneuvers during flight. This innovative approach sets Agnibaan apart and highlights the advanced technology and capabilities employed by Agnikul Cosmos for its maiden sub-orbital flight.

For Flight control the vehicle is equipped with four carbon composite fins to provide passive control. Agnikul has said that the active pitch and yaw control is achieved through two-plane gimballing, and together, these systems enable controlled vertical ascent.The company has integrated Agnibaan SOrTeD with the flight termination system developed by ISRO. Agnikul had previously received authorization to establish a unique launch pad near the sea on Sriharikota island, alongside its dedicated control room. The pad has received the name Dhanush and referred as ALP-01. Agnikul is the second Indian private spaceflight company to test its orbital launch system, following Skyroot Aerospace, who launched their Vikram-S rocket.

Delays
On 21 March 2024, a day before launch, the official handle for Agnikul Cosmos posted on X that they deferred the launch based on certain minor observations they observed from the full countdown rehearsals the previous night. The pre-launch procedures began ten hours before liftoff, with the filling of the fuel tanks, deployment of balloons for assessing winds at various altitudes, uploading the programme to the flight computer and getting a final clearance from the launch directors. The company postponed another test on 6 April 2024 while conducting pre-launch checks. Another launch attempt on 28 May 2024, was also called off, less than a minute before lift-off. The launch date was then fixed to 30 May 2024 for a fifth launch attempt.

Launch
The mission successfully lifted off on 30 May 2024 at 7:15 AM IST from India's first private launchpad ALP-01 located close to ISRO facilities near SDSC.

The 580 kilogram rocket, lifted off from Sriharikota and in the first flight and travelled as high as 20 kilometers above the Earth, before plunging down into the Bay of Bengal and carried about 7 kg of payloads. The data that it provides would help engineers fine-tune and shape the development of the Agnibaan launch vehicle, which is expected to fly by the last quarter of 2025.

Flight description
Following lift-off, the vehicle performed a pitch-over manoeuvre nearly four seconds into flight. This manoeuvre involves the controlled rotation of the vehicle to change its orientation from vertical to a predetermined angle with respect to the ground or its flight path.

The vehicle then went into the wind biasing manoeuvre at just over 39 seconds, which is introduced in rockets to compensate for the effects of wind on the trajectory of the rocket during ascent. At about 1 minute and 29 seconds into the flight, the rocket reached apogee, the point at which it is farthest from the launch site, before it splashes down at just over two minutes into flight, marking the completion of the mission.

Rockets with similar role

 * SLV-3
 * Vikram-S
 * Electron