Ajnabia

Ajnabia (meaning "stranger" or "foreigner") is a genus of lambeosaurine hadrosaur from the Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) of Morocco. It is the first definitive hadrosaur from Africa, and is thought to be related to European dinosaurs like Arenysaurus. The discovery of Ajnabia came as a surprise to the paleontologists who found it, because Africa was isolated by water from the rest of the world during the Cretaceous, such that hadrosaurs were assumed to have been unable to reach the continent. Ajnabia is relatively small and similar in size to its contemporary relative Minqaria, which is estimated to have reached 3.5 m in total body length. Assuming that the holotype represents an adult, Ajnabia would be one of the smallest if not the smallest known hadrosaurids.

Discovery and naming
Ajnabia was recovered from the Late Maastrichtian strata of the phosphate mines at Sidi Chennane, in Khouribga Province, Morocco. Recovered elements include most of the left maxilla and part of the right, and a fragment of the right dentary. The name Ajnabia derives from the Arabic أجنبي (ajnabi), meaning "strange" or "foreign", referring to the animal as part of a dinosaur lineage that immigrated to Africa from elsewhere. The type and only species is A. odysseus, referring to the Greek hero and legendary sea voyager Odysseus.

Palaeoecology
The holotype specimen, MHNM KHG 222, was recovered from the phosphates of the Ouled Abdoun Basin of north-central Morocco. The phosphates are a nearshore marine environment, dominated by sharks, fish, mosasaurs, and other marine reptiles. Dinosaurs are rare, however, including the large abelisaurid Chenanisaurus barbaricus, two other potentially distinct abelisaurids of smaller size, and an unnamed titanosaurian. Moroccan lambeosaurine fossils belonging to individuals of various sizes, including the holotype of Minqaria, indicate that hadrosaurs were diverse and abundant within the ecosystem. These dinosaurs would have lived in the very latest Cretaceous (Late Maastrichtian) approximately 1 million years before the K-Pg boundary and the Chicxulub asteroid impact that wiped out the dinosaurs.

Palaeobiogeography
Hadrosaurs, the taxonomic group Ajnabia is assigned to, had not been documented from Africa until its discovery; specifically, its close relatives within Lambeosaurinae are all known from Europe. Given this taxonomic position and reconstructions of Late Cretaceous continents and seas, oceanic dispersal between Europe and North Africa is considered the only viable explanation for the presence of Ajnabia in Africa. While oceanic dispersal had previously been considered for the distribution of European hadrosaurs, intermittent land connections as means of dispersal could not be ruled out. The much more prominent oceanic barrier between Europe and Africa, characterized by deep waters, makes Ajnabia far stronger evidence of this phenomenon, as the gap could be narrowed by varying conditions but not conceivably bridge entirely. The possibility Ajnabia was a carcassed or fossil that had floated from Europe was also considered highly unlikely due to the fossil's taphonomy and the inability to assign it to any known European species. Further evidence for the oceanic dispersal as the model for lambeosaur dispersal also exists from the lack of more complete interchange of fauna between locations, expected from land bridge dispersal. In turn, Ajnabia has been used as an important datapoint to support the possibility of oceanic dispersal between European islands. Possible means of dispersal include swimming, drifting, or rafting (wherein animals are transported on top of floating debris or vegetation). Rafting is considered unlikely for a large animal, but it's considered possible young hadrosaurs could be transported in this way. More broadly speaking, the Maastrichtian fauna of the Northe African ecosystem Ajnabia inhabited seems biogeographically linked more to Gondwanan faunas - that is, those of the southern continents - then that of Europe and the other Laurasian continents of the Northern Hemisphere. Whilst Laurasia is characterized by tyrannosaurids, ornithischians and herbivorous coelurosaurs, Gondwana is dominated by titanosaurs and abelisaurs, as seen in Morocco. Despite this, a degree of endemism is noted, similar to that of other Gondwanan continents. A small abelisaur from the Sidi Daoui region is unlike those from South America or India, but may be related to North African forms from earlier in the Cretaceous or similarly sized abelisaurs in Europe; likewise, Chenanisaurus may represent a distinct lineage from other known abelisaurs. Inversely, other Gondwanan animals from South America such as ankylosaurs, unenlagiinaes, elasmarians, and megaraptorids aren't documented in Africa. This endemism is explained by the fragmentation of the former Gondwanan supercontinent into increasingly distant landmasses, leading to the ancestrally linked faunas of different southern continents becoming distinct. Even within the African continent, the presence of a Trans-Saharan seaway connecting the Tethys Ocean of Europe to the Gulf of Guinea may have isolated the fauna of Northern Africa from more southern portions of the continent, such as fossil bearing sites in Kenya, and Morocco itself may have been an isolated island.