Alapaha River

The Alapaha River is a 202 mi river in southern Georgia and northern Florida in the United States. It is a tributary of the Suwannee River, which flows to the Gulf of Mexico.

History
The Hernando de Soto expedition narrative records mention a "Yupaha" village they encountered after they left Apalachee, "the sound of which is suggestive of the Alapaha, a tributary of the Suwanee." Another reference to a village of "Atapaha" "so closely resembles Alapaha that it is reasonable to suppose they are the same, and that the town was on the river of that name." John Reed Swanton's landmark Indian Tribes of North America places the Indian village of Alapaha near where the Alapaha River met the Suwanee, and also noted that an Indian village of "Arapaja" was 70 leagues from St. Augustine, Florida, probably on the Alapaha River. The Spanish mission of Santa María de Los Angeles de Arapaha was located along the lower reaches of the river from before 1630 until 1656.

In the 1840s a German travel writer, Friedrich Gerstäcker wrote a dime novel called Alapaha, or the Renegades of the Border, giving the name to a noble Cherokee "squaw." A translation of this novel was published in the 1870s as #67 in a series of American narratives published by Beadle.

During the American Civil War, the swamps along the Alapaha River in Berrien, Irwin, and Echols counties became a refuge for a number of gangs of Confederate deserters.

Course
The Alapaha River rises in southeastern Dooly County, Georgia, and flows generally southeastwardly through or along the boundaries of Crisp, Wilcox, Turner, Ben Hill, Irwin, Tift, Berrien, Atkinson, Lanier, Lowndes and Echols Counties in Georgia, and Hamilton County in Florida, where it flows into the Suwannee River 10 miles (16 km) southwest of Jasper. Along its course it passes the Georgia towns of Pitts, Rebecca, Alapaha, Willacoochee, Lakeland, and Statenville.

Near Willacoochee, Georgia, the Alapaha collects the Willacoochee River. In Florida, it collects the Alapahoochee River and the short Little Alapaha River, which rises in Echols County, Georgia, and flows southwestward.

Intermittent river


The Alapaha River is an intermittent river for part of its course. During periods of low volume, the river disappears underground and becomes a subterranean river. At approximately 2.3 mi downstream from Jennings, Florida the Dead River enters the Alapaha River. It is a usually dry river bed with a number of sinkholes, including the Dead River Sink. During periods of low water flow, the Alapaha River downstream from the confluence of the Dead River and the Alapaha River flows upstream into the Dead River.

A few more miles downstream is a second sinkhole variously known as the Alapaha River Sink, Suck Hole, or the Devil's Den on the western bank of the river. At the latter point during the periods of low water flow, the Alapaha River disappears underground leaving a dry bank for much of the remainder of its course. The Alapaha River later reappears at the Alapaha River Rise, which is about a half mile upstream from the confluence of the Alapaha River and the Suwannee River (30.44604°N, -83.09748°W). During a period of low rainfall over 11 mi of the riverbed can be dry as the river goes underground.

Variant names
The United States Board of Geographic Names settled on the "Alapaha River" as the stream's name in 1891. According to the Geographic Names Information System, it has also been known as:

Crossings
{| class=wikitable ! Crossing ! Carries ! Image ! Location ! ID number ! Coordinates !colspan=6|

Georgia
!colspan=6|
 * Griffin Road
 * 32.0243°N, -83.6103°W
 * Buzzard Bridge
 * Willford Crossing Road
 * 32.0243°N, -83.6103°W
 * County Line Road
 * 32.0198°N, -83.6103°W
 * Seville Road
 * 32.0089°N, -83.6016°W
 * Seville Road
 * 32.0089°N, -83.6016°W
 * Seville-Pleasantview Road
 * 31.9973°N, -83.5908°W
 * Old Cordele Road
 * 31.9853°N, -83.5778°W
 * Flowers Road
 * 31.9775°N, -83.5761°W
 * Watson Road
 * 31.967°N, -83.5771°W
 * Dowley Road
 * 31.9478°N, -83.5604°W
 * Rail bridge
 * CSX Transportation Line formerly known as Savannah, Americus and Montgomery Railway
 * 31.9478°N, -83.5604°W
 * US 280.svg 280 Georgia 30.svg SR 30
 * Pitts, Georgia to Seville, Georgia
 * 31.9312°N, -83.5527°W
 * Highway later replaced by Georgia 159.svg SR 159
 * 31.9312°N, -83.5527°W
 * Georgia 159.svg SR 159
 * 31.9303°N, -83.5519°W
 * Hawkinsville and Florida Southern Railway (Abandoned 1920s)
 * 31.9234°N, -83.5453°W
 * Georgia 112.svg SR 112
 * 31.8587°N, -83.4797°W
 * Jay Calhoun Road
 * 31.8587°N, -83.4797°W
 * Georgia 90.svg SR 90
 * Rebecca, Georgia
 * 31.7714°N, -83.4547°W
 * Rail bridge
 * CSX Transportation Line formerly known as Atlanta, Birmingham and Atlantic Railway
 * 31.7714°N, -83.4547°W
 * Hawkinsville and Florida Southern Railway (Abandoned since before the 1920s)
 * 31.7714°N, -83.4547°W
 * Georgia 107.svg SR 107
 * 31.6899°N, -83.4615°W
 * Walker Ford
 * 31.6899°N, -83.4615°W
 * Flat Ford
 * 31.6814°N, -83.4621°W
 * Crystal Lake Road
 * 31.6772°N, -83.4602°W
 * Georgia 125.svg SR 125 Georgia 132.svg SR 132
 * 31.5327°N, -83.3989°W
 * Tifton and Northeastern Railroad (Line abandoned in the 1960s, defunct)
 * 31.5497°N, -83.4151°W
 * Lennon Bridge
 * US 319.svg 319 Georgia 35.svg SR 35
 * 31.5327°N, -83.3989°W
 * 5 Bridge Road
 * 31.4791°N, -83.3447°W
 * McMillan Bridge
 * US 129.svg 129 Georgia 11.svg SR 11
 * 31.4303°N, -83.2456°W
 * Sgt. James E. Jones Memorial Bridge
 * US 82.svg 82 Georgia 50.svg SR 50
 * 31.3714°N, -83.1713°W
 * Rail bridge
 * CSX Transportation Line formally known as the Brunswick and Albany Railroad
 * 31.3714°N, -83.1713°W
 * PVT. George W. Lee Memorial Bridge
 * Georgia 135.svg SR 135
 * 31.30299°N, -83.05335°W
 * Norfolk Southern Railway Line formerly known as Ocilla, Pinebloom and Valdosta Railroad
 * 31.05381°N, -83.03963°W
 * Mud Creek Bridge
 * Georgia 168.svg SR 168 Georgia 64.svg SR 64
 * 31.15684°N, -83.03951°W
 * Waycross and Western Railroad (Closed 1925, defunct)
 * 31.05381°N, -83.03963°W
 * Knight's Bridge
 * Captain Henry Will Jones Bridge
 * US 129.svg 129 Georgia 11.svg SR 11
 * Lakeland, Georgia to Homerville, Georgia
 * 31.04622°N, -83.04336°W
 * Carters Ferry/Bridge
 * (Defunct)
 * Lakeland, Georgia to Magnolia, Georgia.
 * Hotchkiss Bridge
 * Old State Road/Old River/Hotchiss Road (Built 1895, defunct)
 * 30.93651°N, -83.04061°W
 * US 84.svg 84 Georgia 38.svg SR 38
 * Naylor, Georgia to Stockton, Georgia
 * 30.92456°N, -83.03722°W
 * Rail bridge
 * CSX Transportation Line formerly known as the Atlantic and Gulf Railroad (1856–79)
 * 30.92407°N, -83.03684°W
 * Lee Bridge
 * (Defunct)
 * 30.8584°N, -83.02359°W
 * Howells Ferry/Bridge
 * Howell Road (Old route, defunct)
 * Mayday, Georgia
 * 30.82875°N, -83.01864°W
 * Howell Road
 * Mayday, Georgia
 * 30.82819°N, -83.01855°W
 * Rail bridge
 * Norfolk Southern Railway Line formerly known as the Atlantic, Valdosta and Western Railway
 * Mayday, Georgia
 * 30.82689°N, -83.01846°W
 * Formally the location of Troublesome Ford
 * Georgia 94.svg SR 94
 * Statenville, Georgia
 * 30.70391°N, -83.03268°W
 * 31.8587°N, -83.4797°W
 * Georgia 90.svg SR 90
 * Rebecca, Georgia
 * 31.7714°N, -83.4547°W
 * Rail bridge
 * CSX Transportation Line formerly known as Atlanta, Birmingham and Atlantic Railway
 * 31.7714°N, -83.4547°W
 * Hawkinsville and Florida Southern Railway (Abandoned since before the 1920s)
 * 31.7714°N, -83.4547°W
 * Georgia 107.svg SR 107
 * 31.6899°N, -83.4615°W
 * Walker Ford
 * 31.6899°N, -83.4615°W
 * Flat Ford
 * 31.6814°N, -83.4621°W
 * Crystal Lake Road
 * 31.6772°N, -83.4602°W
 * Georgia 125.svg SR 125 Georgia 132.svg SR 132
 * 31.5327°N, -83.3989°W
 * Tifton and Northeastern Railroad (Line abandoned in the 1960s, defunct)
 * 31.5497°N, -83.4151°W
 * Lennon Bridge
 * US 319.svg 319 Georgia 35.svg SR 35
 * 31.5327°N, -83.3989°W
 * 5 Bridge Road
 * 31.4791°N, -83.3447°W
 * McMillan Bridge
 * US 129.svg 129 Georgia 11.svg SR 11
 * 31.4303°N, -83.2456°W
 * Sgt. James E. Jones Memorial Bridge
 * US 82.svg 82 Georgia 50.svg SR 50
 * 31.3714°N, -83.1713°W
 * Rail bridge
 * CSX Transportation Line formally known as the Brunswick and Albany Railroad
 * 31.3714°N, -83.1713°W
 * PVT. George W. Lee Memorial Bridge
 * Georgia 135.svg SR 135
 * 31.30299°N, -83.05335°W
 * Norfolk Southern Railway Line formerly known as Ocilla, Pinebloom and Valdosta Railroad
 * 31.05381°N, -83.03963°W
 * Mud Creek Bridge
 * Georgia 168.svg SR 168 Georgia 64.svg SR 64
 * 31.15684°N, -83.03951°W
 * Waycross and Western Railroad (Closed 1925, defunct)
 * 31.05381°N, -83.03963°W
 * Knight's Bridge
 * Captain Henry Will Jones Bridge
 * US 129.svg 129 Georgia 11.svg SR 11
 * Lakeland, Georgia to Homerville, Georgia
 * 31.04622°N, -83.04336°W
 * Carters Ferry/Bridge
 * (Defunct)
 * Lakeland, Georgia to Magnolia, Georgia.
 * Hotchkiss Bridge
 * Old State Road/Old River/Hotchiss Road (Built 1895, defunct)
 * 30.93651°N, -83.04061°W
 * US 84.svg 84 Georgia 38.svg SR 38
 * Naylor, Georgia to Stockton, Georgia
 * 30.92456°N, -83.03722°W
 * Rail bridge
 * CSX Transportation Line formerly known as the Atlantic and Gulf Railroad (1856–79)
 * 30.92407°N, -83.03684°W
 * Lee Bridge
 * (Defunct)
 * 30.8584°N, -83.02359°W
 * Howells Ferry/Bridge
 * Howell Road (Old route, defunct)
 * Mayday, Georgia
 * 30.82875°N, -83.01864°W
 * Howell Road
 * Mayday, Georgia
 * 30.82819°N, -83.01855°W
 * Rail bridge
 * Norfolk Southern Railway Line formerly known as the Atlantic, Valdosta and Western Railway
 * Mayday, Georgia
 * 30.82689°N, -83.01846°W
 * Formally the location of Troublesome Ford
 * Georgia 94.svg SR 94
 * Statenville, Georgia
 * 30.70391°N, -83.03268°W
 * McMillan Bridge
 * US 129.svg 129 Georgia 11.svg SR 11
 * 31.4303°N, -83.2456°W
 * Sgt. James E. Jones Memorial Bridge
 * US 82.svg 82 Georgia 50.svg SR 50
 * 31.3714°N, -83.1713°W
 * Rail bridge
 * CSX Transportation Line formally known as the Brunswick and Albany Railroad
 * 31.3714°N, -83.1713°W
 * PVT. George W. Lee Memorial Bridge
 * Georgia 135.svg SR 135
 * 31.30299°N, -83.05335°W
 * Norfolk Southern Railway Line formerly known as Ocilla, Pinebloom and Valdosta Railroad
 * 31.05381°N, -83.03963°W
 * Mud Creek Bridge
 * Georgia 168.svg SR 168 Georgia 64.svg SR 64
 * 31.15684°N, -83.03951°W
 * Waycross and Western Railroad (Closed 1925, defunct)
 * 31.05381°N, -83.03963°W
 * Knight's Bridge
 * Captain Henry Will Jones Bridge
 * US 129.svg 129 Georgia 11.svg SR 11
 * Lakeland, Georgia to Homerville, Georgia
 * 31.04622°N, -83.04336°W
 * Carters Ferry/Bridge
 * (Defunct)
 * Lakeland, Georgia to Magnolia, Georgia.
 * Hotchkiss Bridge
 * Old State Road/Old River/Hotchiss Road (Built 1895, defunct)
 * 30.93651°N, -83.04061°W
 * US 84.svg 84 Georgia 38.svg SR 38
 * Naylor, Georgia to Stockton, Georgia
 * 30.92456°N, -83.03722°W
 * Rail bridge
 * CSX Transportation Line formerly known as the Atlantic and Gulf Railroad (1856–79)
 * 30.92407°N, -83.03684°W
 * Lee Bridge
 * (Defunct)
 * 30.8584°N, -83.02359°W
 * Howells Ferry/Bridge
 * Howell Road (Old route, defunct)
 * Mayday, Georgia
 * 30.82875°N, -83.01864°W
 * Howell Road
 * Mayday, Georgia
 * 30.82819°N, -83.01855°W
 * Rail bridge
 * Norfolk Southern Railway Line formerly known as the Atlantic, Valdosta and Western Railway
 * Mayday, Georgia
 * 30.82689°N, -83.01846°W
 * Formally the location of Troublesome Ford
 * Georgia 94.svg SR 94
 * Statenville, Georgia
 * 30.70391°N, -83.03268°W
 * Captain Henry Will Jones Bridge
 * US 129.svg 129 Georgia 11.svg SR 11
 * Lakeland, Georgia to Homerville, Georgia
 * 31.04622°N, -83.04336°W
 * Carters Ferry/Bridge
 * (Defunct)
 * Lakeland, Georgia to Magnolia, Georgia.
 * Hotchkiss Bridge
 * Old State Road/Old River/Hotchiss Road (Built 1895, defunct)
 * 30.93651°N, -83.04061°W
 * US 84.svg 84 Georgia 38.svg SR 38
 * Naylor, Georgia to Stockton, Georgia
 * 30.92456°N, -83.03722°W
 * Rail bridge
 * CSX Transportation Line formerly known as the Atlantic and Gulf Railroad (1856–79)
 * 30.92407°N, -83.03684°W
 * Lee Bridge
 * (Defunct)
 * 30.8584°N, -83.02359°W
 * Howells Ferry/Bridge
 * Howell Road (Old route, defunct)
 * Mayday, Georgia
 * 30.82875°N, -83.01864°W
 * Howell Road
 * Mayday, Georgia
 * 30.82819°N, -83.01855°W
 * Rail bridge
 * Norfolk Southern Railway Line formerly known as the Atlantic, Valdosta and Western Railway
 * Mayday, Georgia
 * 30.82689°N, -83.01846°W
 * Formally the location of Troublesome Ford
 * Georgia 94.svg SR 94
 * Statenville, Georgia
 * 30.70391°N, -83.03268°W
 * 30.92407°N, -83.03684°W
 * Lee Bridge
 * (Defunct)
 * 30.8584°N, -83.02359°W
 * Howells Ferry/Bridge
 * Howell Road (Old route, defunct)
 * Mayday, Georgia
 * 30.82875°N, -83.01864°W
 * Howell Road
 * Mayday, Georgia
 * 30.82819°N, -83.01855°W
 * Rail bridge
 * Norfolk Southern Railway Line formerly known as the Atlantic, Valdosta and Western Railway
 * Mayday, Georgia
 * 30.82689°N, -83.01846°W
 * Formally the location of Troublesome Ford
 * Georgia 94.svg SR 94
 * Statenville, Georgia
 * 30.70391°N, -83.03268°W
 * Howell Road
 * Mayday, Georgia
 * 30.82819°N, -83.01855°W
 * Rail bridge
 * Norfolk Southern Railway Line formerly known as the Atlantic, Valdosta and Western Railway
 * Mayday, Georgia
 * 30.82689°N, -83.01846°W
 * Formally the location of Troublesome Ford
 * Georgia 94.svg SR 94
 * Statenville, Georgia
 * 30.70391°N, -83.03268°W
 * 30.82689°N, -83.01846°W
 * Formally the location of Troublesome Ford
 * Georgia 94.svg SR 94
 * Statenville, Georgia
 * 30.70391°N, -83.03268°W
 * Statenville, Georgia
 * 30.70391°N, -83.03268°W
 * 30.70391°N, -83.03268°W

Florida

 * Florida 150.svg SR 150
 * FL Jennings CR 150 bridge west01.jpg
 * Jennings, Florida to Jasper, Florida
 * 30.59847°N, -83.07323°W
 * Rail bridge
 * Norfolk Southern Railway Line formerly known as Georgia Southern and Florida Railway
 * FL Jennings near CR 150 RR bridge01.jpg
 * 30.59814°N, -83.07323°W
 * NW 14th Terrace (Defunct)
 * 30.59359°N, -83.0653°W
 * US 41.svg US 41
 * US 41 Alapaha River bridge west02.jpg
 * Jennings, Florida to Jasper, Florida
 * 30.52881°N, -83.03832°W
 * I-75.svg Interstate 75
 * 30.49917°N, -83.04093°W
 * (Defunct)
 * 30.45334°N, -83.08935°W
 * SW County Road 751
 * FL CR 751 Alapaha River bridge south01.jpg
 * Alapaha River Rise
 * 30.44861°N, -83.09692°W
 * }
 * US 41.svg US 41
 * US 41 Alapaha River bridge west02.jpg
 * Jennings, Florida to Jasper, Florida
 * 30.52881°N, -83.03832°W
 * I-75.svg Interstate 75
 * 30.49917°N, -83.04093°W
 * (Defunct)
 * 30.45334°N, -83.08935°W
 * SW County Road 751
 * FL CR 751 Alapaha River bridge south01.jpg
 * Alapaha River Rise
 * 30.44861°N, -83.09692°W
 * }
 * (Defunct)
 * 30.45334°N, -83.08935°W
 * SW County Road 751
 * FL CR 751 Alapaha River bridge south01.jpg
 * Alapaha River Rise
 * 30.44861°N, -83.09692°W
 * }
 * SW County Road 751
 * FL CR 751 Alapaha River bridge south01.jpg
 * Alapaha River Rise
 * 30.44861°N, -83.09692°W
 * }
 * 30.44861°N, -83.09692°W
 * }