Aleria standoff

The Aleria standoff was a confrontation between members of the French Gendarmerie and Corsican nationalist militants who entrenched themselves in a wine cellar at Aleria, Corsica, on 21 and 22 August 1975. The armed activists belonged to the radical nationalist party Action Régionaliste Corse (ARC). The occupation resulted in a strong reaction of the French government, and is regarded as the precursor of the Corsican conflict.

The road to conflict
The roots of the modern Corsican conflict can be traced to the assignment by the public corporation SOMIVAC (Société pour la mise en valeur de la Corse) of fertile lands in the eastern part of the island to pied-noir farmers since 1957. The process of chaptalization and adulteration in the production drove down the quality of Corsican wines, and led to a boycott in mainland France's markets. Corsican nationalists stood by the small wine producers of the island, financially damaged by both the sanctions and the unfair competition.

Another major crisis erupted in 1972, when waste disposal activities by the Italian chemical company Montedison in the Tyrrhenian Sea put Corsican fishing industry at risk. Demonstrations took place at Ajaccio, supported by leftist and nationalist activists, among them the Action Regionaliste Corse (ARC), a nationalist organization established in 1967 and led by Edmond Simeoni, a physician and activist from Bastia. On 15 September 1973, another militant group, the Front Paysan Corse de Liberation (FPCL), carried out a bomb attack in Italian waters against one of the waste-disposal vessels used by Montedison at Follonica Bay, the Scarlino Secondo, using a zodiac boat. An Italian court at Livorno eventually declared Montedison's toxic waste disposal illegal on 27 April 1974.

Standoff
On 21 August 1975, 30 armed members of the ARC, commanded by Simeoni, occupied the farm of Henry Depeille, a wine producer of pied-noir origin who had benefited from SOMIVAC subsidies, demanding a change of policies. According to the authorities, the militants carried on handguns, hunting rifles and even a single automatic rifle, though Simeoni claimed that the group never possessed such a weapon. Fictional accounts suggested that the automatic rifle was actually a MAC 29/24 light machine gun. Media outlets initially reported that a number of people had been taken hostage. Once he was briefed on the situation in Corsica, French ministry of interior affairs, Michael Poniatowski, sent in 1,200 gendarmes, eight armoured personnel carriers and eight helicopters. Twelve Transall C-160 transport aircraft gave logistic support and a frigate from the Marine Nationale was on station off Aleria. The Berliet VXB-170 vehicles were deployed on a rear eschelon. The deployment of the personnel carriers was hampered by the lack of protective turrets for the drivers. The Puma helicopters flew reccoinnasance missions over the compound, and were greeted by Simeoni's men fire in a couple of occasions. The rotorcraft were eventually used to transport reinforcements to the area.

The assault began at 16:10 on 22 August, when the gendarmes fired rifle-launched tear gas grenades. The rebels fired back with their hunting rifles. Two gendarms were shot and killed, while one of the militants lost his right foot to the blast of one of the grenades. Forensic experts later concluded that the fire position from which the dead gendarms were shot at was not within the limits of the Depeille farm compound.

After just three minutes of exchanging fire with the troopers, the militants raised the white flag. Simeoni was seen providing first aid to a wounded gendarm and eventually surrendered voluntarily to the French authorities.

Consequences
After the standoff was over, violent demonstrations erupted in Ajaccio and Bastia. The Gendarmerie intervened with their armoured vehicles. On the night of 27 August, another gendarme was killed with a hunting rifle by a sniper in the course of the clashes. The perpetrator was arrested. The ARC was banned by the French government the same day. Simeoni was sentenced to five years in jail, but by 1977 he was a free man. At the time of the trial on Simeoni, on 21 May 1976, a new-borne nationalist organization, the National Liberation Front of Corsica (NLFC) appeared on the scene by launching a series of bomb attacks in Ajaccio, Bastia, Sartène, Porto-Vecchio and other Corsican towns. This bombings marked the beginning of the Corsican conflict.

Several years later, a number of voices from within the Corsican nationalism bore criticism on the Aleria incident. Former militant leader François Sargentini claimed that Aleria deepened the division between autonomists and independentists and communist activist Dominique Bucchini said that the incident "worked like a trap", diverting efforts and highlingting excesses, like xenophobia. In the opinion of Emile Zuccarelli, deputy mayor of Bastia in 2005, the incident and its aftermath "slowed down economic development, employment and the improvement of the standard of living in Corsica". In 1987, Simeoni expressed his deep regrett for the deaths of the two gendarms at Aleria.