Andrias scheuchzeri

Andrias scheuchzeri is an extinct species of giant salamander belonging to the genus Andrias, which also contains the closely related living Asian giant salamanders. It is known from Oligocene to Pliocene aged deposits primarily from Central Europe, but possibly as far east as Western Siberia and eastern Kazakhstan.

History
In his book Lithographia Helvetica from 1726, Johann Jakob Scheuchzer described a Miocene fossil found in Öhningen as Homo diluvii testis (Latin: Man, witness of the Deluge), believing it to be the remains of a human that drowned in the biblical Deluge. The fossil was about 1 m (3 ft) long, lacked its tail and hind legs, and could thus be interpreted as showing some resemblance to the remains of a violently trampled human child.

In 1758, the first to doubt his theory in print was Johannes Gessner, who thought it was a giant catfish (Siluris). In 1787 Petrus Camper thought it was a lizard (Lacerta); at that time, scholars and the scientific community generally did not differentiate between reptiles and amphibians. In 1802 Martin van Marum bought this fossil for Teyler's Museum in Haarlem from Scheuchzer's grandson in Zürich, along with a fossilized swordfish, for 14 Louis d'or. It can still be seen in Teyler's Museum, in the original showcase.

Seven years later, the fossil again came under scrutiny when the famous Georges Cuvier published an article in which he claimed the fossil was "nothing but a salamander, or rather a proteus of gigantic dimensions and of an unknown species". He proceeded to examine the fossil in Haarlem, by then a part of the French Empire, in 1811. After hacking away gently at the fossil, he uncovered the foremost limbs and the specimen was recognized as a giant salamander. The difference in color of the stone shows what Scheuchzer saw and what Cuvier later could see.

The specimen was renamed Salamandra scheuchzeri by Friedrich Holl in 1831. The genus Andrias was only coined six years later by Johann Jakob von Tschudi. In doing so, both the genus, Andrias (which means image of man), and the specific name, scheuchzeri, ended up honouring Scheuchzer and his beliefs. The Teylers Museum has several other specimens in their collection in addition to this one.

Description
A number of traits are characteristic of Andrias scheuchzeri, including strongly curved dentaries, the pars facialis of the skull having a rough inner surface with ridges and depressions, and a number of characters relating to the arrangement and shape of the teeth.

Distribution
In Central Europe, fossil are known from the Late Oligocene (Chattian) to Late Pliocene (Piacenzian) of Germany, the Early Miocene of the Czech Republic, the Late Miocene of Austria, and the Middle or Late Miocene of Hungary. Some reports have claimed that Andrias scheuchzeri was distributed as far east as Western Siberia and the Zaissan Basin on the border between China and Kazakhstan. Among the youngest and easternmost remains of Andrias in Europe, which are indeterminate to species, are known from the Northern Caucasus of Russia, dating to the latest Pliocene.

Ecology
Andrias scheuchzeri inhabited ponds, lakes and rivers, unlike modern Asian giant salamanders, which prefer clear, nutrient poor (oligotrophic) rivers and streams.

In fiction
The fictional descendants of Andrias scheuchzeri are the primary antagonists in Karel Čapek's 1936 science fiction novel War with the Newts.