Anim languages

The Anim or Fly River languages are a language family in south-central New Guinea established by Usher & Suter (2015). The names of the family derive from the Fly River and from the Proto-Anim word *anim 'people'.

Languages
The 17 Anim languages belong to the following four subfamilies:


 * Inland Gulf
 * Tirio (Lower Fly River)
 * Boazi (Lake Murray)
 * Marind (Marind–Yaqai)

The moribund Abom language, previously considered a member of the Tirio family, is of uncertain classification, possibly Trans–New Guinea, but does not appear to be Anim. The extinct Karami language, attested only in a short word list and previously assigned to the Inland Gulf family, defies classification (Usher and Suter 2015).

Anim languages and respective demographic information listed by Evans (2018) are provided below.



! Language !! Subgroup !! Location !! Population !! Alternate names
 * + List of Anim languages
 * Marind || Nuclear Marind || central Merauke Regency and southeast corner (Indonesia) || 7,000 ||
 * Bian || Nuclear Marind || northeast Merauke Regency (Indonesia) || 2,900 ||
 * Yaqay || Yaqay || eastern Mappi Regency (Indonesia) || 10,000 ||
 * Warkay-Bipim || Yaqay || south Asmat Regency (Indonesia) || 300 ||
 * Kuni-Boazi || Lake Murray (Boazi) || west Lake Murray (PNG) || 4,500 ||
 * Zimakani || Lake Murray (Boazi) || southwest Lake Murray across border (PNG) || 1,500 ||
 * Tirio || Tirio (Lower Fly) || south bank of lower Fly River (PNG) || 1900 || Makayam
 * Bitur || Tirio (Lower Fly) || south bank of lower Fly River (PNG) || 860 || Mutum, Paswam, Bituri
 * Adulu || Tirio (Lower Fly) || south Gogodala Rural LLG (PNG) || 220 || Aturu
 * Lewada-Dewara || Tirio (Lower Fly) || Gogodala Rural LLG (PNG) || 700 || Were
 * Baramu || Tirio (Lower Fly) || south bank of lower Fly River (PNG) || 850 ||
 * Ipiko || Ipiko (Inland Gulf) || West Kikori Rural LLG (PNG) || ||
 * }
 * Tirio || Tirio (Lower Fly) || south bank of lower Fly River (PNG) || 1900 || Makayam
 * Bitur || Tirio (Lower Fly) || south bank of lower Fly River (PNG) || 860 || Mutum, Paswam, Bituri
 * Adulu || Tirio (Lower Fly) || south Gogodala Rural LLG (PNG) || 220 || Aturu
 * Lewada-Dewara || Tirio (Lower Fly) || Gogodala Rural LLG (PNG) || 700 || Were
 * Baramu || Tirio (Lower Fly) || south bank of lower Fly River (PNG) || 850 ||
 * Ipiko || Ipiko (Inland Gulf) || West Kikori Rural LLG (PNG) || ||
 * }
 * Baramu || Tirio (Lower Fly) || south bank of lower Fly River (PNG) || 850 ||
 * Ipiko || Ipiko (Inland Gulf) || West Kikori Rural LLG (PNG) || ||
 * }
 * Ipiko || Ipiko (Inland Gulf) || West Kikori Rural LLG (PNG) || ||
 * }

Phonemes
Usher (2020) reconstructs the consonant inventory as follows:




 * *m || *n || ||
 * *p || *t || || *k
 * *mb || *nd || || *ŋg
 * *ɸ || *s || ||
 * *w || *r || *j ||
 * }
 * *ɸ || *s || ||
 * *w || *r || *j ||
 * }
 * }

Vowels are *a *e *i *o *u.

Pronouns
Proto-Anim pronouns (Usher and Suter 2015):


 * {| class="wikitable"

! !! sg !! pl ! 1 ! 2 ! 3
 * *na- || *ni-
 * *ŋga- || *ja
 * *(u)a- || *ja
 * }

By 2020, comparison with the neighboring TNG branch Awyu–Ok had led so some revision of the reconstructions. Here are the nominative and possessive/object forms:


 * {| class="wikitable"

! !! sg !! pl ! 1 ! 2 ! 3m ! 3f
 * *no, *na- || *ni, *na-/*ni-
 * *ŋgo, **ŋga- || *[i/e]o, *[i/e]a-
 * *e, *e- ||rowspan=2| *i, *i-
 * *u, *u-
 * }

The demonstrative third-person forms *e-, *u-, *i- are an innovation shared with proto-Awyu–Ok, which has the same vowel ablaut in the second person as well. They reflect a gender ablaut of msg *e, fsg *u, nsg *[a/o], and pl *i, as in *anem 'man', *anum 'woman', *anim 'people', or *we 'father', *wu 'mother', *wi 'parents'.

Lexicon
Proto-Anim lexical reconstructions by Usher & Suter (2015) are:


 * {| class="wikitable sortable"

! gloss !! Proto-Anim
 * ‘house’ || *aɸ(a,o)
 * ‘younger sibling’ || *am(o)=e/*am=u
 * ‘laugh’ || *awend(V)
 * ‘thigh’ || *mboɸo
 * ‘breast’ || *mbumb(V)
 * ‘tree’ || *nde
 * ‘navel’ || *ndekum(u)
 * ‘sago’ || *ndou
 * ‘build a nest’ || *ewes
 * ‘bone’ || *ɸia(u)
 * ‘rain’ || *ŋg(a,o)e
 * ‘night’ || *ŋgap(o)
 * ‘eat, drink’ || *ŋg(e,a)i
 * ‘root’ || *itit(i)
 * ‘lip’ || *itup(u)
 * ‘cry’ || *iwo
 * ‘tooth’ || *kam(V)
 * ‘egg, seed’ || *kan(a,e)
 * ‘paddle’ || *kawea
 * ‘mouth, teeth’ || *maŋg(a,o)t(o)
 * ‘come’ || *mano
 * ‘speech, voice’ || *mean(V)
 * ‘two’ || *measi
 * ‘fruit, seed’ || *moko(m)
 * ‘heart’ || *muki(k)
 * ‘mosquito’ || *naŋg(a,i)t(i)
 * ‘banana’ || *napet(o)
 * ‘sleep’ || *nu
 * ‘forearm’ || *piŋgi
 * ‘stand’ || *ratinV
 * ‘hand’ || *seŋga
 * ‘tongue’ || *sas(a)
 * ‘meat, fish’ || *sawa(i)
 * ‘tail feathers’ || *sum(V)
 * ‘fire, tree’ || *tae
 * ‘wing’ || *taɸ(u)
 * ‘nape’ || *temuk(u)
 * ‘lie down’ || *tenV
 * }
 * ‘mouth, teeth’ || *maŋg(a,o)t(o)
 * ‘come’ || *mano
 * ‘speech, voice’ || *mean(V)
 * ‘two’ || *measi
 * ‘fruit, seed’ || *moko(m)
 * ‘heart’ || *muki(k)
 * ‘mosquito’ || *naŋg(a,i)t(i)
 * ‘banana’ || *napet(o)
 * ‘sleep’ || *nu
 * ‘forearm’ || *piŋgi
 * ‘stand’ || *ratinV
 * ‘hand’ || *seŋga
 * ‘tongue’ || *sas(a)
 * ‘meat, fish’ || *sawa(i)
 * ‘tail feathers’ || *sum(V)
 * ‘fire, tree’ || *tae
 * ‘wing’ || *taɸ(u)
 * ‘nape’ || *temuk(u)
 * ‘lie down’ || *tenV
 * }
 * ‘stand’ || *ratinV
 * ‘hand’ || *seŋga
 * ‘tongue’ || *sas(a)
 * ‘meat, fish’ || *sawa(i)
 * ‘tail feathers’ || *sum(V)
 * ‘fire, tree’ || *tae
 * ‘wing’ || *taɸ(u)
 * ‘nape’ || *temuk(u)
 * ‘lie down’ || *tenV
 * }
 * ‘fire, tree’ || *tae
 * ‘wing’ || *taɸ(u)
 * ‘nape’ || *temuk(u)
 * ‘lie down’ || *tenV
 * }
 * ‘lie down’ || *tenV
 * }
 * }

Below are selected reconstructions for Proto-Fly River (Proto-Anim) and branches by Usher (2020).


 * {| class="wikitable sortable"

! gloss !! Proto- Fly River !! Proto- Inland Gulf !! Proto- Lower Fly River !! Proto- Lake Murray !! Proto- Marind-Yaqay !! Proto- Marind !! Proto- Yakhai-Warkay !! Proto- Yakhai ! head ! hair ! ear ! eye ! nose ! tooth ! tongue ! leg ! louse ! dog ! pig ! bird ! egg ! blood ! bone ! skin ! breast ! tree ! man ! woman ! sun ! moon ! water ! fire ! stone ! path ! name ! eat ! one ! two
 * || *gia || ||  ||  || *pa || *muku ||
 * || || *duɾumə; *duɾum ||  ||  ||  ||  ||
 * || *tu; *jeja || *towap || || *kambet || *kembet, *kambet || *k[e]mbet ||
 * *kindV[C] || *kuɸino || *baɾid || || *kind || *kind || *kind ||
 * || *dasi || *miw || ||  || *aŋgi₂p || *s[e/a]maŋg ||
 * *kam || *ta; *bese || *suwə; *kam; *su || *kam || *maŋg[e/a]t || *maŋgat || *maŋg[e/a]t ||
 * *sas || *koda; *sasa || *jimə; *jim || *naseam; *sas || *inVm || *inum || *in[e/a]m ||
 * || *idini || ||  ||  || *tegu ||  ||
 * *n[u]m[u]ŋg || *uani || *oɾ[eae]n || *[num]uŋg || *nambun || *nahun; *mba[m/mb] || *nambun ||
 * || *gaso || *s[eae]; *diɾean || *gaɣo || || *ŋgat ||  ||
 * *mbasik || *maɸa || *m[i/e]nawə || *basik || *basik || *basik || *basik ||
 * || *ewesa || *dawod || ||  || *ujub ||  || *pet[e/a]ɣau
 * *kanV || *ɸutu; *usu || *sVɣaɾə || || *mogaw; *kan[a] || *magaw || *mo[k/ɣ]a ||
 * || || *nauɾə || *kouk ||  || *do ||  ||
 * *mbai[a]ŋg; *ɸia[u] || *ɸia || *naɾak(ə); *baig || *bajag || *hia[u] || *haiau, *hiau || *hia || *ia
 * || *nikopi; *ko[j]ipo || || *ŋgusum ||  || *ugu ||  ||
 * || *jono || *bub || *toto || || *bub || *abut ||
 * *nde || *de || *naukə || *tae || *de || *de || *de ||
 * *anem || *aneme || *anem(ə) || *anem || *anem || *anem || ||
 * *anum || *anumu || *anum(ə) || *anum || *anum || *anum || || *sau
 * || *nowumu; *siwio || *manom || *kaia || || *katane ||  ||
 * || *bubei || *manom || ||  || *mandou || *kam[e/o] ||
 * || *ogo || *mau[g/k]ə || *neia, *naia || *adika || *adeka || *adika || *maⁱ
 * *tae || *maɸi; *ta[j]e || *j[i]au || *tae || *tekaw || *tekaw || *teka ||
 * || || *didigə ||  || *seŋgV || *ketaɾ; *seŋga || *seŋgV || *seŋgi
 * || *jigei || *ewean || ||  || *isas ||  ||
 * || *jiga || *gag || *ij || *[i/e]g[i/e]j || *igij || *[e][k/ɣ][e] ||
 * || || *tamu ||  ||  || *ɣawi[ɣ] ||  || *bae
 * *ija (?) || *jaigio || *ɣoɾ[e]a[u][k] || *koapo || *ija[kod] || *ijako[d]; *ijakod || ||
 * *meas[i] || *measi || *mis || ||  || *inah ||  || *[k/ɣ]aiaɣamat
 * }