Animal diplomacy

Animal diplomacy refers to the use of living animals by governments in their international relations. Attested since antiquity, this diplomacy traditionally took the form of exotic animals (lions, elephants, giraffes, etc.) or domestic animals (horses, dogs, birds of prey) offered as gifts between heads of state. From the 20th century onwards, it has been increasingly perceived as a form of soft power and has been integrated by some states into their public diplomacy strategies; the most famous example being panda diplomacy practiced by China.

General

 * Halvard Leira and Iver B. Neumann, "Beastly Diplomacy", The Hague Journal of Diplomacy, vol. 12, no. 4, March 2017, p. 337–359 (ISSN 1871–1901 and 1871-191X, DOI 10.1163/1871191X-12341355, available online).


 * Liliane Bodson (dir.), Les Animaux exotiques dans les relations internationales : espèces, fonctions, significations : Journée d'étude Université de Liège, March 1997, Liège, Université de Liège / Institut de zoologie, 1998. (in French)
 * Nadir Weber, "Diplomatic History", in Handbook of Historical Animal Studies, De Gruyter, 2021 (ISBN 978-3-11-053655-3, DOI 10.1515/9783110536553-017), p. 197–212.

Antiquity

 * Dominique Collon, "L'animal dans les échanges et les relations diplomatiques", Topoi. Orient-Occident, Supplement 2 "Les animaux et les hommes dans le monde syro-mésopotamien aux époques historiques", 2000, p. 125–140 (available online). (in French)
 * Henri Limet, "Les animaux, enjeux involontaires de la politique au Proche-Orient ancien", in Liliane Bodson, ed., Les Animaux exotiques dans les relations internationales : espèces, fonctions, significations, Liège, University de Liège/Institute of Zoology, 1998, p. 33-51. (in French)
 * Brigitte Lion, "La circulation des animaux exotiques au Proche-Orient ancien", in Dominique Charpin and Francis Joannès, ed., La circulation des biens, des personnes et des idées dans le Proche-Orient ancien : Actes de la 38e Rencontre assyriologique internationale (Paris, July 8–10, 1991), Paris, Editions Research on Civilizations, 1992, p. 357-365. (in French)

Middle Ages

 * Thierry Buquet, "Les animaux exotiques dans les ménageries médiévales", in Jacques Toussaint (ed.), Fabuleuses histoires des bêtes et des hommes, Namur, Trema / Société archéologique de Namur, 2013 (available online), p. 97-121. (in French)
 * Nicolas Drocourt, "Les animaux comme cadeaux d’ambassade entre Byzance et ses voisins ( viie  –  xiie siècle)", in Bernard Doumerc and Christophe Picard, ed., Byzance et ses périphéries : hommage à Alain Ducellier, Toulouse, CNRS / Université de Toulouse-le Mirai, 2004 (ISBN 2912025141 and 9782912025142, available online), p. 67-93. (in French)

Renaissance and Early Modern Period

 * Catarina Simões, "Non-European Animals and the Construction of Royalty at the Renaissance Portuguese Court", in Mark Hengerer, Nadir Weber, ed., Animals and Courts: Europe, c. 1200–1800, Berlin / Boston, De Gruyter, 2019 (DOI 10.1515/9783110544794-004), p. 55-78.

Contemporary Period

 * Nancy Cushing and Kevin Markwell, "Platypus diplomacy: animal gifts in international relations", Journal of Australian Studies, vol. 33, no. 3, September 2009, p. 255–271 (ISSN 1444-3058 and 1835–6419, DOI 10.1080/14443050903079664).
 * Falk Hartig, "Panda Diplomacy: The Cutest Part of China’s Public Diplomacy", The Hague Journal of Diplomacy, vol. 8, no. 1, 2013, p. 49–78 (ISSN 1871-1901 and 1871-191X, DOI 10.1163/1871191X-12341245).
 * Nikhil Menon, "Jumbo Exports: India's History of Elephant Diplomacy", Caravan Magazine, March 1, 2019, p. 8-10 (available online, accessed February 6, 2021).
 * Tirth Raj Ghimire, Anita Bhattarai, Nirju Ojha and Pitamber Pant, "Wildlife Diplomacy and Gifting in the Hindu Kush-Himalaya Region: A Chronological History and Opinion of Nepalese Literates", in Ganga Ram Regmi and Falk Huettmann, Hindu Kush-Himalaya Watersheds Downhill: Landscape Ecology and Conservation Perspectives, Springer International Publishing, 2020 (ISBN 978-3-030-36275-1, DOI 10.1007/978-3-030-36275-1_21, available online), p. 419–433.