Apex (diacritic)

In written Latin, the apex (plural "apices") is a mark with roughly the shape of an acute accent ( ´ ) or apostrophe ( ʼ ) that was sometimes placed over vowels to indicate that they were long.

The shape and length of the apex can vary, sometimes within a single inscription. While virtually all apices consist of a line sloping up to the right, the line can be more or less curved, and varies in length from less than half the height of a letter to more than the height of a letter. Sometimes, it is adorned at the top with a distinct hook, protruding to the left. Rather than being centered over the vowel it modifies, the apex is often considerably displaced to the right.

Essentially the same diacritic, conventionally called in English the acute accent, is used today for the same purpose of denoting long vowels in a number of languages with Latin orthography, such as Irish (called in it the síneadh fada or simply fada "long"), Hungarian (hosszú ékezet, from the words for "long" and "wedge"), Czech (called in it čárka , "small line") and Slovak (dĺžeň , from the word for "long"), as well as for the historically long vowels of Icelandic.

Details
Apices are usually thinner than the lines that compose the letters on which they stand. They appear in both epigraphic and palaeographic texts, although they are not always included in transcriptions.

An apex is not used with the letter $⟨i⟩$; instead, the letter is written taller (as a "long i"), as in (Lūciī a fīliī) in the next illustration.



Other markers of long vowels are attested, such as the reduplication of the vowel and the use of  for long /i/ in archaic epigraphy, but the apex was the standard vowel-length indicator in classical times. The grammarian Quintilian wrote that apices are necessary when a difference of quantity in a vowel changes the meaning of a word, as in malus and málus, but recommended against including them otherwise. Terentius Scaurus had a similar recommendation. Long vowels were never consistently indicated, even within individual inscriptions; writers most often marked them in grammatical endings, to avoid visual confusion with other letters, and to denote phrasal units.

In modern Latin orthography, apices are typically not used, but the acute accent, which is similar in appearance, is sometimes used to mark stressed syllables. Long vowels are sometimes marked by a macron.

Identification with the sicilicus
The apex (used above vowels) is often contrasted with the sicilicus, a rarely-attested ancient Latin diacritic used above consonants to denote that they should be pronounced double. Revilo P. Oliver argues that they are one and the same sign, a mark of gemination which was used over any letter to indicate that the letter should be read twice. The distinction between a sicilicus that was used above consonants and an apex that was applied to vowels is then completely artificial: "There is no example of this mark [the sicilicus] that can be distinguished from an apex by any criterion other than its presence above a letter that is not a long vowel," Oliver writes, and "No ancient source says explicitly that there were two different signs...".

If Oliver is right, the apex as a sign denoting vowel length would have its origin in the time when long vowels were written double. Then, when long vowels ceased to be regularly written twice, the usage of the sicilicus above vowels evidently remained, even after it fell out of use above consonants, and the apex, as it was now called, was redefined as a sign denoting the phonematic feature of vowel length, rather than as a purely orthographic shorthand. However, Oliver's view that the two marks were identical has been challenged.