Aquiline nose

An aquiline nose (also called a Roman nose) is a human nose with a prominent bridge, expressed in a convex eagle-like manner. But the overall shape is undulating and straight. The word aquiline comes from the Latin word aquilinus ("eagle-like"), an allusion to the curved beak of an eagle. While some have ascribed the aquiline nose to specific ethnic, racial, or geographic groups, and in some cases associated it with other supposed non-physical characteristics (i.e. intelligence, status, personality, etc., see below), no scientific studies or evidence support any such linkage. As with many phenotypical expressions (e.g. 'widow's peak', eye color, earwax type) it is found in many geographically diverse populations.

Distribution
Some writers in the field of racial typology have attributed aquiline noses as a characteristic of different peoples or races; e.g.: according to anthropologist Jan Czekanowski, it is most frequently found amongst members of the Arabid race and Armenoid race. It is also often seen in the Mediterranean race and Dinarid race, where it is known as the "Roman nose" when found amongst Italians, the Southern French, Portuguese and Spanish.

In racialist discourse
In racialist discourse, especially that of post-Enlightenment Western scientists and writers, a Roman nose has been characterized as a marker of beauty and nobility, but the notion itself is found early on in Plutarch, in his description of Mark Antony. The supposed science of physiognomy, popular during the Victorian era, made the "prominent" nose a marker of Aryanness: "the shape of the nose and the cheeks indicated, like the forehead's angle, the subject's social status and level of intelligence. A Roman nose was superior to a snub nose in its suggestion of firmness and power, and heavy jaws revealed a latent sensuality and coarseness". Racial theorist William Z. Ripley argued that it is characteristic of peoples of Teutonic descent.

Among Mediterraneans
Saban et. al (2022) states that Mediterranean noses are characterized by a "convex dorsum appearance, a pseudo-droopy tip, and a short upper lip often associated to a retrogenia", and is more or less identical with the "textbook Semitic nose". But there is variation, especially in Mediterranean Europe, due to continuous migrations within the region. Whilst the same applies to Mediterranean Middle East, a nose that's characterized by "large size, prominent arched dorsum, and a naso-labial angle ≤90°" are common. This also applies to populations further east in the Middle East such as Iraqis, Kurds and Persians.

Among Native Americans
The aquiline nose was deemed a distinctive feature of some Native American tribes, members of which often took their names after their own characteristic physical attributes (i.e. The Hook Nose, or Chief Henry Roman Nose). In the depiction of Native Americans, for instance, an aquiline nose is one of the standard traits of the "noble warrior" type. It is so important as a cultural marker that Renee Ann Cramer, a non-Native legal scholar, argued in Cash, Color, and Colonialism (2005), that tribes without such characteristics have found it difficult to receive "federal recognition"/"acknowledgement" (which are specific/significant terms) from the US government, resulting in failure to win benefits including tax-exempt status, reclamation rights, and the right to administer and profit from casinos.

Among populations in Africa
The flat, broad nose is ubiquitous among most populations in Sub-Saharan Africa, and is noted by nineteenth-century writers and travelers (such as Colin Mackenzie) as a mark of "Negroid" ancestry. It stands in opposition to the narrow aquiline, straight or convex noses (lepthorrine), which are instead deemed "Caucasian".

In the 1930s, an aquiline nose was reported to be regarded as a characteristic of beauty for girls among the Tswana and Xhosa people. However, a recent scholar could not discern from the original study "whether such preferences were rooted in precolonial conceptions of beauty, a product of colonial racial hierarchies, or some entanglement of the two". A well-known example of the aquiline nose as a marker in Africa contrasting the bearer with their contemporaries is the protagonist of Aphra Behn's Oroonoko (1688). Although an African prince, he speaks French, has straightened hair, thin lips, and a "nose that was rising and Roman instead of African and flat". These features set him apart from most of his peers, and marked him instead as noble and on par with Europeans.

According to craniometric analysis by Carleton Coon (1939), aquiline noses in Africa are largely restricted to populations from North Africa and the Horn of Africa (in contrast to those of Sub-Saharan Africa), which is more generally peopled by those of Semitic, Arab, and other non-"Negroid" descent. However, they are generally less common in these areas than are narrow, straight noses, which instead constitute the majority of nasal profiles. It has been reported however, that aquiline noses are more prevalent among Egyptian, Tunisian, Moroccan, Sudanese, Eritrean, Ethiopian and Somali people, than among Southern Europeans. Among the Copts and Fellahin of Egypt, two distinct nasal types reportedly exist: one with a narrow, aquiline nose accompanied by a slim face, slender jaw and thin lips; the other with a slightly lower rooted, straight-to-concave nose, accompanied by a wider and lower face, a strong jaw, prominent chin, and moderately full lips.

Among South Asian peoples


Among South Asian ethnic groups, the aquiline nose type is most common among the peoples of Afghanistan, Dardistan, the Pamirs, also frequent in Kashmir as well as among the Hindus of various castes in rest of India, as well as a prominent feature in the Greco-Buddhist statuary of Gandhara (a region spanning the upper Indus and Kabul River valleys throughout northern Pakistan and north-east Afghanistan). The ethnographer George Campbell, in his Ethnology of India, stated:"The high nose, slightly aquiline, is a common type [among Kashmiri Pandit]. Raise a little the brow of a Greek statue and give the nose a small turn at the bony point in front of the bridge, so as to break the straightness of the line, you have the model type of this part of India, to be found both in living men and in the statues of the Peshawar Valley."

Among East and Southeast Asian peoples
Clyde H. Ishii states that peoples of Japanese ancestry generally have "noses with adequate dorsal height, angularity and even dorsal convexity" compared to peoples of Chinese ancestry. But nasal diversity still exists in East and Southeast Asian populations due to ancient migrations and interracial marriages. A lower radix is also characteristic of most East and Southeast Asian noses, compared to European noses, which creates a "pseudo hump" appearance, similar to what is found among peoples of Latin European, Middle Eastern and Mestizo ancestry. Yong Ju Jang and Hyun Moon, however, classify the humpness of East Asian noses as being generalized, isolated or relative with a low tip.