Arabic phonology

While many languages have numerous dialects that differ in phonology, contemporary spoken Arabic is more properly described as a continuum of varieties. This article deals primarily with Modern Standard Arabic (MSA), which is the standard variety shared by educated speakers throughout Arabic-speaking regions. MSA is used in writing in formal print media and orally in newscasts, speeches and formal declarations of numerous types.

Modern Standard Arabic has 28 consonant phonemes and 6 vowel phonemes. All phonemes contrast between "emphatic" (pharyngealized) consonants and non-emphatic ones. Some of these phonemes have coalesced in the various modern dialects, while new phonemes have been introduced through borrowing or phonemic splits. A "phonemic quality of length" applies to consonants as well as vowels.

History
Of the 29 Proto-Semitic consonants, only one has been lost:, which merged with , while became  (see Semitic languages). Various other consonants have changed their sound too, but have remained distinct. An original lenited to, and  – consistently attested in pre-Islamic Greek transcription of Arabic languages – became palatalized to  or  by the time of the Quran and , ,  or  after early Muslim conquests and in MSA (see Arabic phonology for more detail). An original voiceless alveolar lateral fricative became.

Its emphatic counterpart was considered by Arabs to be the most unusual sound in Arabic (Hence the Classical Arabic's appellation لُغَةُ ٱلضَّادِ ' or "language of the '"). For most modern dialects, it has become an emphatic stop with loss of the laterality or with complete loss of any pharyngealization or velarization,. The classical  pronunciation of pharyngealization still occurs in the Mehri language, and the similar sound without velarization,, exists in other Modern South Arabian languages.Other changes may also have happened. Classical Arabic pronunciation is not thoroughly recorded and different reconstructions of the sound system of Proto-Semitic propose different phonetic values. One example is the emphatic consonants, which are pharyngealized in modern pronunciations but may have been velarized in the eighth century and glottalized in Proto-Semitic.

Reduction of and  between vowels occurs in a number of circumstances and is responsible for much of the complexity of third-weak ("defective") verbs. Early Akkadian transcriptions of Arabic names show that this reduction had not yet occurred as of the early part of the 1st millennium BC.

The Classical Arabic language as recorded was a poetic koine that reflected a consciously archaizing dialect, chosen based on the tribes of the western part of the Arabian Peninsula, who spoke the most conservative variants of Arabic. Even at the time of Muhammed and before, other dialects existed with many more changes, including the loss of most glottal stops, the loss of case endings, the reduction of the diphthongs and  into monophthongs, etc. Most of these changes are present in most or all modern varieties of Arabic.

An interesting feature of the writing system of the Quran (and hence of Classical Arabic) is that it contains certain features of Muhammad's native dialect of Mecca, corrected through diacritics into the forms of standard Classical Arabic. Among these features visible under the corrections are the loss of the glottal stop and a differing development of the reduction of certain final sequences containing : Evidently, the final became  as in the Classical language, but final  became a different sound, possibly  (rather than again  in the Classical language). This is the apparent source of the alif maqṣūrah 'restricted alif' where a final is reconstructed: a letter that would normally indicate  or some similar high-vowel sound, but is taken in this context to be a logical variant of alif and represent the sound.

Literary Arabic
The "colloquial" spoken dialects of Arabic are learned at home and constitute the native languages of Arabic speakers. "Formal" Modern Standard Arabic is learned at school; although many speakers have a native-like command of the language, it is technically not the native language of any speakers. Both varieties can be both written and spoken, although the colloquial varieties are rarely written down and the formal variety is spoken mostly in formal circumstances, e.g., in radio and TV broadcasts, formal lectures, parliamentary discussions and to some extent between speakers of different colloquial dialects.

Even when the literary language is spoken, it is normally only spoken in its pure form when reading a prepared text out loud and communicating between speakers of different colloquial dialects. When speaking extemporaneously (i.e. making up the language on the spot, as in a normal discussion among people), speakers tend to deviate somewhat from the strict literary language in the direction of the colloquial varieties. There is a continuous range of "in-between" spoken varieties: from nearly pure Modern Standard Arabic (MSA), to a form that still uses MSA grammar and vocabulary but with colloquial influence, to a form of the colloquial language that imports a number of words and grammatical constructions in MSA, to a form that is close to pure colloquial but with the "rough edges" (the most noticeably "vulgar" or non-Classical aspects) smoothed out, to pure colloquial.

The particular variant (or register) used depends on the social class and education level of the speakers involved and the level of formality of the speech situation. Often it will vary within a single encounter, e.g., moving from nearly pure MSA to a more mixed language in the process of a radio interview, as the interviewee becomes more comfortable with the interviewer. This type of variation is characteristic of the diglossia that exists throughout the Arabic-speaking world.

Although Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) is a unitary language, its pronunciation varies somewhat from country to country and from region to region within a country. The variation in individual "accents" of MSA speakers tends to mirror corresponding variations in the colloquial speech of the speakers in question, but with the distinguishing characteristics moderated somewhat. It is important in descriptions of "Arabic" phonology to distinguish between pronunciation of a given colloquial (spoken) dialect and the pronunciation of MSA by these same speakers.

Although they are related, they are not the same. For example, the phoneme that derives from Classical Arabic has many different pronunciations in the modern spoken varieties, e.g.,  including the proposed original. Speakers whose native variety has either or  will use the same pronunciation when speaking MSA. Even speakers from Cairo, whose native Egyptian Arabic has, normally use when speaking MSA. The of Persian Gulf speakers is the only variant pronunciation which is not found in MSA;  is used instead, but may use [j] in MSA for comfortable pronunciation.

Another reason of different pronunciations is influence of colloquial dialects. The differentiation of pronunciation of colloquial dialects is the influence from other languages previously spoken and some still presently spoken in the regions, such as Coptic in Egypt, Berber, Punic, or Phoenician in North Africa, Himyaritic, Modern South Arabian, and Old South Arabian in Yemen and Oman, and Aramaic and Canaanite languages (including Phoenician) in the Levant and Mesopotamia.

Another example: Many colloquial varieties are known for a type of vowel harmony in which the presence of an "emphatic consonant" triggers backed allophones of nearby vowels (especially of the low vowels, which are backed to in these circumstances and very often fronted to  in all other circumstances). In many spoken varieties, the backed or "emphatic" vowel allophones spread a fair distance in both directions from the triggering consonant. In some varieties, most notably Egyptian Arabic, the "emphatic" allophones spread throughout the entire word, usually including prefixes and suffixes, even at a distance of several syllables from the triggering consonant.

Speakers of colloquial varieties with this vowel harmony tend to introduce it into their MSA pronunciation as well, but usually with a lesser degree of spreading than in the colloquial varieties. For example, speakers of colloquial varieties with extremely long-distance harmony may allow a moderate, but not extreme, amount of spreading of the harmonic allophones in their MSA speech, while speakers of colloquial varieties with moderate-distance harmony may only harmonize immediately adjacent vowels in MSA.

Vowels
Modern Standard Arabic has six vowel phonemes forming three pairs of corresponding short and long vowels. Many spoken varieties also include and. Modern Standard Arabic has two diphthongs (formed by a combination of short with the semivowels  and ). Allophony in different dialects of Arabic can occur and is partially conditioned by neighboring consonants within the same word. The following are some general rules:


 * retracted to in the environment of a neighboring,  or an emphatic consonant (one that is uvularized, though customarily transcribed as if pharyngealized): , , , , , the pharyngeal consonants ,  and in a few regional standard pronunciations also  and ;
 * only in Iraq and the Persian Gulf: before a word boundary;
 * advanced to in the environment of most consonants:
 * labial consonants (, and ),
 * plain (non-emphatic) coronal consonants with the exception of : namely, , , , , , , , and
 * glottal consonants ( and )
 * , and ;
 * Across North Africa and West Asia, the allophones and  may be realized differently, either as, or both as ;
 * In northwestern Africa, the open front vowel is raised to  or.
 * Across North Africa and West Asia, may be realized as  before or adjacent to emphatic consonants and, , , .  can also have different realizations, i.e. . Sometimes with one value for each vowel in both short and long lengths or two different values for each short and long lengths. They can be distinct phonemes in loanwords for a number of speakers.
 * In Egypt, close vowels have different values; short initial or medial:, ← instead of .  and  completely become  and  respectively in some other particular dialects. Unstressed final long  are most often shortened or reduced:  → ,  → ,  →.
 * Across North Africa and West Asia, may be realized as  before or adjacent to emphatic consonants and, , , .  can also have different realizations, i.e. . Sometimes with one value for each vowel in both short and long lengths or two different values for each short and long lengths. They can be distinct phonemes in loanwords for a number of speakers.
 * In Egypt, close vowels have different values; short initial or medial:, ← instead of .  and  completely become  and  respectively in some other particular dialects. Unstressed final long  are most often shortened or reduced:  → ,  → ,  →.

However, the actual rules governing vowel-retraction are a good deal more complex and have relatively little in the way of an agreed-upon standard, as there are often competing notions of what constitutes a "prestige" form. Often, even highly proficient speakers will import the vowel-retraction rules from their native dialects. Thus, for example, in the Arabic of someone from Cairo, emphatic consonants will affect every vowel between word boundaries, whereas certain Saudi speakers exhibit emphasis only on the vowels adjacent to an emphatic consonant. Certain speakers (most notably Levantine speakers) exhibit a degree of asymmetry in leftward vs. rightward spread of vowel-retraction.

The final heavy syllable of a root is stressed.

The short vowels are all possible allophones of  across different dialects; e.g., قُلْت  ('I said') is pronounced  or  or, since the difference between the short mid vowels  and  is never phonemic, and they are mostly found in complementary distribution, except for a number of speakers where they can be phonemic but only in foreign words.

The short vowels are all possible allophones of  across different dialects; e.g., مِن  ('from') is pronounced  or  or  since the difference between the short mid vowels  and  is never phonemic, and they are mostly found in complementary distribution, except for a number of speakers where they can be phonemic but only in foreign words.

The long mid vowels and  appear to be phonemic in most varieties of Arabic except in general Maghrebi Arabic, where they merge with  and. For example, لون ('color') is generally pronounced in Mashriqi dialects but  in most Maghrebi Arabic. The long mid vowels can be used in Modern Standard Arabic in dialectal words or in some stable loanwords or foreign names, as in روما ('Rome') and شيك  ('cheque').

Foreign words often have a liberal sprinkling of long vowels, as vowels tend to be written as long vowels in foreign loans, under the influence of European-language orthographies which write down every vowel with a letter. The long mid vowels and  are always rendered with the letters ي and و, respectively, accompanied by a preceding hamzah sitting above (أ) and below (إ) an alif (ا) respectively word-initially. In general, the pronunciation of loanwords is highly dependent on the speaker's native variety.

Consonants
Even in the most formal of conventions, pronunciation depends upon a speaker's background. Nevertheless, the number and phonetic character of most of the 28 consonants has a broad degree of regularity among Arabic-speaking regions. Note that Arabic is particularly rich in uvular, pharyngeal, and pharyngealized ("emphatic") sounds. The emphatic coronals (,, , and ) cause assimilation of emphasis to adjacent non-emphatic coronal consonants. The standard pronunciation of ⟨ج⟩ varies regionally, most prominently  in the Arabian Peninsula, parts of the Levant, Iraq, and northern Algeria, it is also considered as the predominant pronunciation of Literary Arabic outside the Arab world,  in most of Northwest Africa and the Levant,  in Egypt, coastal Yemen, and south coastal Oman, as well as  in Sudan.

Note: the table and notes below discuss the phonology of Modern Standard Arabic among Arabic speakers and not regional dialects.

Long (geminate or double) consonants are pronounced exactly like short consonants, but last longer. In Arabic, they are called mushaddadah ("strengthened", marked with a shaddah). Between a long consonant and a pause, an epenthetic occurs, but this is only common across regions in West Asia.

The foreign sounds ﭖ and  ﭪ (usually transcribed as ب  and ف  respectively) are not necessarily pronounced by all Arabic speakers and their usage is optional. As these letters are not present on standard keyboards, they are simply written with ب and ف, e.g. باكستان or پاکستان  "Pakistan", فيروس or ڤيروس  "virus", etc.

Phonotactics
Standard Arabic syllables come in only five forms:
 * C V (light)
 * C V V (heavy)
 * C V C (heavy)
 * C V V C (super-heavy)
 * C V C C (super-heavy)

Arabic syllable structure does not allow syllables to start with a vowel or with a consonant cluster. In cases where a word starts with a consonant cluster it is preceded by an epenthetic utterance initially or  when preceded by a word that ends with a consonant; there are however exceptions like من  and ـهم  that connect with a following word-initial consonant cluster with  and  respectively, if the preceding word ends with a long vowel that vowel is then shortened.

Super-heavy syllables are usually not allowed except word finally, with the exception of CVV- before geminates creating non-final CVVC- syllables, these can be found in the active participles of geminate Form I verbs, like in  ('substance, matter'),   ('entirely'). In the pausal form, the final geminates behave as a single consonant, only when preceding another word or with vocalization, the geminates start appearing, belonging to two separate syllables. E.g.:  ('poisonous'),   ('dry'),   ('public, general'),   ('private, special'), and   ('hot, spicy').

Loanwords can break some phonotactic rules like allowing initial consonant clusters (with an initial epenthetic or often another repeated vowel from the word being optional inserted after the first consonant) like in پلوتو  "Pluto" and پراج  "Prague" or allowing CVVC syllables non-finally without geminates like in روسيا  "Russia" and سوريا  "Syria", which can be modified to  to fit the phonotactics better.

Word stress
The placement of word stress in Arabic varies considerably from one dialect to another, and has been the focus of extensive research and debate.

In determining stress, Arabic distinguishes three types of syllables:


 * Light:
 * An open syllable containing a short vowel (i.e. CV), such as وَ wa and
 * Heavy:
 * An open syllable containing a long vowel (i.e. CVV), such as سَافَرَ sā.fara he travelled
 * A closed syllable containing a short vowel followed by one consonant (i.e. CVC), such as مِن min from or كَتَبْتُ ka.tab.tu I wrote
 * Super-heavy:
 * A closed syllable containing a long vowel followed by one consonant (i.e. CVVC), such as باب bāb door or مادٌّ mād.dun stretching (NOM)
 * A closed syllable containing a short vowel followed by two consonants (i.e. CVCC), such as بِنْت bint girl, or a long vowel followed by a geminate consonant (i.e. CVVCiCi), such as مادّ mādd stretching

The word stress of Classical Arabic has been the subject of debate. However, there is consensus as to the general rule, even though there are some exceptions. A simple rule of thumb is that word-stress falls on the penultimate syllable of a word if that syllable is closed, and otherwise on the antepenultimate.

A more precise description is J. C. E. Watson's. Here the stressed syllable follows the marker ' and variant rules are in brackets:
 * 1) Stress a pre-pausal superheavy (CVVC, CVVCC, or CVCC) syllable: كِتاب  book, مادّ  stretching (MASC SG), شَرِبْت  I/you (MASC SG) drank.
 * 2) Otherwise, stress the rightmost non-final heavy (CVV or CVC) syllable: دَرَسْنا  we learnt, صابُونٌ  soap (NOM), مَكْتَبة  library, مادٌّ  stretching (NOM), مَكْتَبةٌ  library.
 * 3) Otherwise, stress the antepenult (or leftmost syllable if there is no antepenult): كَتَبَ  he wrote.

Modern Arabic dialects all maintain rules (1) and (2). But if there is neither a final superheavy syllable nor a heavy penultimate syllable, their behaviour varies. Thus in Palestinian, rule (3) is instead 'otherwise stress the first syllable (up to the antepenult): كَتَب he wrote, زَلَمة  man, whereas the basic rules of Cairene (to which there are exceptions) are:


 * 1) Stress a superheavy ultima.
 * 2) Otherwise, stress a heavy penult.
 * 3) Otherwise, stress the penult or antepenult, whichever is separated by an even number of syllables from the rightmost non-final heavy syllable, or, if there is no non-final heavy syllable, from the left boundary of the word.

Local variations of Modern Standard Arabic
Spoken varieties differ from Classical Arabic and Modern Standard Arabic not only in grammar but also in pronunciation. Outside of the Arabian peninsula, a major linguistic division is between sedentary, largely urban, varieties and rural varieties. Inside the Arabian peninsula and in Iraq, the two types are less distinct; but the language of the urbanized Hejaz, at least, strongly looks like a conservative sedentary variety.

Some examples of variation:


 * Consonants

In Modern Standard Arabic (not in Egypt's use), is used as a marginal phoneme to pronounce some dialectal and loan words. On the other hand, it is considered a native phoneme or allophone in most modern Arabic dialects, mostly as a variant of ق (as in Arabian Peninsula and Northwest African dialects) or as a variant of  ج (as in Egyptian and a number of Yemeni and Omani dialects). It is also considered a separate foreign phoneme that appears only in loanwords, as in most urban Levantine dialects where ق is and ج is.

The phoneme represented by the Arabic letter ǧīm (ج) has many standard pronunciations: in most of the Arabian Peninsula and as the predominant pronunciation of Literary Arabic outside the Arab world,  in most of Egypt and some regions in southern Yemen and southwestern Oman. This is also a characteristic of colloquial Egyptian and southern Yemeni dialects. In Morocco and western Algeria, it is pronounced as in some words, especially colloquially. In most north Africa and most of the Levant, the standard is pronounced, and in certain regions of the Persian Gulf colloquially with. In some Sudanese and Yemeni dialects, it may be either or  as it used to be in Classical Arabic.

The foreign phonemes and  are not necessarily pronounced by all Arabic speakers, but are often pronounced in names and loanwords. and are usually transcribed with their own letters ﭖ  and ﭪ  but as these letters are not present on standard keyboards, they are simply written with ب  and ف, e.g. both نوفمبر and نوڤمبر ,  or  "November", both كاپريس and كابريس  "caprice" can be used. The use of both sounds may be considered marginal and Arabs may pronounce the words interchangeably; besides, many loanwords have become Arabized, e.g. باكستان or پاکستان "Pakistan", فيروس or ڤيروس  "virus".

is another possible loanword phoneme, as in the word or  (sandawitš or sāndwitš 'sandwich'), though a number of varieties instead break up the  and  sounds with an epenthetic vowel. Egyptian Arabic treats as two consonants  and inserts, as [C] or [C], when it occurs before or after another consonant. is found as normal in Iraqi Arabic and Gulf Arabic. Normally the combination تش (tā’-shīn) is used to transliterate the, while in rural Levantine dialects /k/ is usually substituted with while speaking and would be written as ك. Otherwise Arabic usually substitutes other letters in the transliteration of names and loanwords like the Persian character چ which is used for writing.

Other Variations include:
 * Split of original into two phonemes, distinguished primarily by how they affect neighboring vowels. This has progressed the farthest in North Africa. See Moroccan Arabic, Algerian Arabic, Tunisian Arabic and Libyan Arabic
 * Loss of the glottal stop in places where it is historically attested, as in سماء →.


 * Vowels


 * Development of highly distinctive allophones of and, with highly fronted ,  or  in non-emphatic contexts, and retracted  in emphatic contexts. The more extreme distinctions are characteristic of sedentary varieties, while Bedouin and conservative Arabian-peninsula varieties have much closer allophones. In some of the sedentary varieties, the allophones are gradually splitting into new phonemes under the influence of loanwords, where the allophone closest in sound to the source-language vowel often appears regardless of the presence or absence of nearby emphatic consonants.
 * Spread of "emphasis", visible in the backing of phonemic . In conservative varieties of the Arabic peninsula, only adjacent to emphatic consonants is affected, while in Cairo, an emphatic consonant anywhere in a word tends to trigger emphatic allophones throughout the entire word. Dialects of the Levant are somewhere in between. Moroccan Arabic is unusual in that  and  have clear emphatic allophones as well (typically lowered, e.g. to  and ).
 * Monophthongization of diphthongs such as and  to  and, respectively ( and  in parts of the Maghrib, such as in Moroccan Arabic). Mid vowels may also be present in loanwords such as ملبورن ( Melbourne), سكرتير ( '(male) secretary') and دكتور ( 'doctor').
 * Raising of word final to . In some parts of Levant, also word-medial  to . See Lebanese Arabic.
 * Loss of final short vowels (with sometimes remaining), and shortening of final long vowels. This triggered the loss of most Classical Arabic case and mood distinctions.
 * Collapse and deletion of short vowels. In many varieties, such as North Mesopotamian, many Levantine dialects, many Bedouin dialects of the Maghrib, and Mauritanian, short and  have collapsed to schwa and exhibit very little distinction so that such dialects have two short vowels,  and . Many Levantine dialects show partial collapse of  and, which appear as such only in the next-to-last phoneme of a word (i.e. followed by a single word-final consonant), and merge to  elsewhere. A number of dialects that still allow three short vowels    in all positions, such as Egyptian Arabic, nevertheless show little functional contrast between  and  as a result of past sound changes converting one sound into the other. Arabic varieties everywhere have a tendency to delete short vowels (especially other than ) in many phonological contexts. When combined with the operation of inflectional morphology, disallowed consonant clusters often result, which are broken up by epenthetic short vowels, automatically inserted by phonological rules. In these respects (as in many others), Moroccan Arabic has the most extreme changes, with all three short vowels , ,  collapsing to a schwa , which is then deleted in nearly all contexts. This variety, in fact, has essentially lost the quantitative distinction between short and long vowels in favor of a new qualitative distinction between unstable "reduced" vowels (especially ) and stable, half-long "full" vowels , ,  (the reflexes of original long vowels). Classical Arabic words borrowed into Moroccan Arabic are pronounced entirely with "full" vowels regardless of the length of the original vowel.

Phonologies of different Arabic dialects
The main dialectal variations in Arabic consonants revolve around the six consonants; $⟨ج⟩$, $⟨ق⟩$, $⟨ث⟩$, $⟨ذ⟩$, $⟨ض⟩$ and $⟨ظ⟩$:


 * Grayed ones are also standard pronunciations.

Cairene
The Arabic of Cairo (often called "Egyptian Arabic" or more correctly "Cairene Arabic") is a typical sedentary variety and a de facto standard variety among certain segments of the Arabic-speaking population, due to the dominance of Egyptian media. Watson adds emphatic labials and  and emphatic  to Cairene Arabic with marginal phonemic status. Cairene has also merged the interdental consonants with the dental plosives (e.g., ثلاثة →  three) except in loanwords from Classical Arabic where they are nativized as sibilant fricatives (e.g., ثانوية  →, secondary school). Cairene speakers pronounce as  and debuccalized  to  (again, loanwords from Classical Arabic have reintroduced the earlier sound or approximated to  with the front vowel around it  changed to the back vowel ). Classical Arabic diphthongs and  became realized as  and  respectively. Still, Egyptian Arabic sometimes has minimal pairs like شايلة carrying FEM SG vs. شيلة  burden. جيب pocket + -نا  our → collapsing with  which means (جبنة cheese or جيبنا our pocket), because Cairene phonology cannot have long vowels before two consonants. Cairene also has as a marginal phoneme from loanwords from languages other than Classical Arabic.

Sanaa
Varieties such as that of Sanaa, Yemen, are more conservative and retain most phonemic contrasts of Classical Arabic. Sanaani possesses as a reflex of Classical  (which still functions as an emphatic consonant). In unstressed syllables, Sanaani short vowels may be reduced to. is voiced to in initial and intervocalic positions.

Distribution
The most frequent consonant phoneme is, the rarest is. The frequency distribution of the 28 consonant phonemes, based on the 2,967 triliteral roots listed by Wehr is (with the percentage of roots in which each phoneme occurs):

This distribution does not necessarily reflect the actual frequency of occurrence of the phonemes in speech, since pronouns, prepositions and suffixes are not taken into account, and the roots themselves will occur with varying frequency. In particular, occurs in several extremely common affixes (occurring in the marker for second-person or feminine third-person as a prefix, the marker for first-person or feminine third-person as a suffix, and as the second element of Forms VIII and X as an infix) despite being fifth from last on Wehr's list. The list does give, however, an idea of which phonemes are more marginal than others. Note that the five least frequent letters are among the six letters added to those inherited from the Phoenician alphabet, namely, ḍād, ṯāʾ, ḫāʾ, ẓāʾ, ḏāl and ġayn.

Sample
The Literary Arabic sample text is a reading of The North Wind and the Sun by a speaker who was born in Safed, lived and was educated in Beirut from age 8 to 15, subsequently studied and taught in Damascus, studied phonetics in Scotland and since then has resided in Scotland and Kuwait.

ALA-LC transliteration
Kānat rīḥ al-shamāl tatajādalu wa-al-shams fī ayyin minhumā kānat aqwá min al-ukhrá, wa-idh bi-musāfir yaṭlaʻu mutalaffiʻ bi-ʻabāʼah samīkah. Fa-ittafaqatā ʻalá iʻtibār al-sābiq fī ijbār al-musāfir ʻalá khalʻ ʻabāʼatihi al-aqwá. ʻAṣafat rīḥ al-shamāl bi-aqṣá mā istaṭāʻat min qūwah. Wa-lākin kullamā izdāda al-ʻaṣf izdāda al-musāfir tadaththuran bi-ʻabāʼatih, ilá an usqiṭ fī yad al-rīḥ fa-takhallat ʻan muḥāwalatihā. Baʻdaʼidhin saṭaʻat al-shams bi-difʼihā, fa-mā kāna min al-musāfir illā an khalaʻa ʻabāʼatahu ʻalá al-taww. Wa-hākadhā iḍṭurrat rīḥ al-shamāl ilá al-iʻtirāf bi-an al-shams kānat hiya al-aqwá.

English Wiktionary transliteration (based on Hans Wehr)
kānat rīḥu š-šamāli tatajādalu wa-š-šamsa fī ʾayyin minhumā kānat ʾaqwā mina l-ʾuḵrā, wa-ʾiḏ bi-musāfirin yaṭluʿu mutalaffiʿan bi-ʿabāʾatin samīkatin. fa-t-tafaqatā ʿalā ʿtibāri s-sābiqi fī ʾijbāri l-musāfiri ʿalā ḵalʿi ʿabāʾatihi l-ʾaqwā. ʿaṣafat rīḥu š-šamāli bi-ʾaqṣā mā staṭāʿat min quwwatin. walākin kullamā zdāda l-ʿaṣfu zdāda l-musāfiru tadaṯṯuran bi-ʿabāʾatihi, ʾilā ʾan ʾusqiṭa fī yadi r-rīḥi fataḵallat ʿan muḥāwalatihā. baʿdaʾiḏin saṭaʿati š-šamsu bi-difʾihā, famā kāna mina l-musāfiri ʾillā ʾan ḵalaʿa ʿabāʾatahu ʿalā t-tawwi. wa-hakaḏā ḍṭurrat rīḥu š-šamāli ʾilā l-ʾiʿtirāfi biʾanna š-šamsa kānat hiya l-ʾaqwā.

English Translation
The North Wind and the Sun were disputing which was the stronger, when a traveler came along wrapped in a warm cloak. They agreed that the one who first succeeded in making the traveler take his cloak off should be considered stronger than the other. Then the North Wind blew as hard as he could, but the more he blew the more closely did the traveler fold his cloak around him; and at last the North Wind gave up the attempt. Then the Sun shined out warmly, and immediately the traveler took off his cloak. And so the North Wind was obliged to confess that the Sun was the stronger of the two.