Archie Brown (union leader)

Archie Brown (1911-1990) was an American longshore worker and union organizer for the International Longshore and Warehouse Union, active in San Francisco. An open communist, Brown was the defendant in the landmark US Supreme Court case United States v. Brown, which overturned a provision of the Landrum-Griffin Act barring communists from holding leadership positions in labor unions. The Supreme Court ruled in his favor, overturning his previous conviction.

Early life
Archie Brown was born in Sioux City, Iowa, in 1911. His parents, Nathan and Sarah Brown, were Russian Jewish immigrants, and his father was a Teamster. At age 13, Brown followed his father to Oakland, California, via train hopping and found a job selling newspapers. After organizing a strike with his fellow newspaper sellers, Brown became acquainted with the Trade Union Education League (TUEL) and joined the Young Communist League (YCL) in 1929.

Great Depression
Brown became an organizer in the YCL, TUEL, and the Communist Party (CPUSA). In 1934, Brown was arrested at a YCL event and charged with "disturbing the peace." He served a three month sentence, most of which overlapped with the 1934 West Coast Waterfront Strike. After his release from prison, Brown became a longshore worker and joined the International Longshoremen's Association, which was the predecessor of the ILWU on the west coast of the United States, as part of CPUSA's shift away from its strategy of dual unionism.

Brown was the Communist Party's write-in candidate in the 1946 California gubernatorial election, receiving 22,606 votes. He also ran for Congress and the San Francisco Board of Supervisors.

Spanish Civil War and World War II
In 1938, after being denied a passport by the US government, Brown stowed away on a ship to France and traveled to Spain to join the Abraham Lincoln Brigade. He participated in the Ebro Offensive and took part in the final Republican retreats. In December 1938, Brown sailed back to New York from France.

During World War II, Brown enlisted in the US Army and was sent to Europe in early 1945. He fought in the Battle of the Bulge with the 76th Infantry Division. He returned home in 1946.

Red Scare
After returning home from the war, Brown became CPUSA's trade union director in the state of California. Advised by CPUSA leadership, Brown spent the first half of the 1950's in hiding due to repression against communists in the United States. In 1955, he resigned his position as trade union director and resumed his longshore work.

United States v. Brown
In the late 1950's, Brown was elected to the executive board of the International Longshore and Warehouse Union, Local 10 (San Francisco). In 1961, he was arrested and charged with violating section 504 of the Landrum-Griffin Act, which barred communists from holding leadership positions in labor unions. He was convicted in 1963. After the US 9th Circuit Court of Appeals ruled in his favor, his case was brought before the Supreme Court. In 1965, the Court ruled in Brown's favor and found that section 504 constituted a bill of attainder and was therefore unconstitutional.

Later life
Brown continued working as a longshore worker until his retirement in 1976. He remained involved in left-wing causes, including supporting the Sandinistas in Nicaragua and opposing the dictatorship of Augusto Pinochet in Chile. Brown died on November 23, 1990 at age 79 from cancer.