Army Group North

Army Group North (Heeresgruppe Nord) was the name of three separate army groups of the Wehrmacht during World War II. Its rear area operations were organized by the Army Group North Rear Area.

The first Army Group North was deployed during the Invasion of Poland and subsequently renamed Army Group B. The second Army Group North was created on 22 June 1941 from the former Army Group C and used in the northern sector of the Eastern Front from 1941 to January 1945. By then, this second Army Group North had gotten trapped in the Courland Pocket and was accordingly redesignated Army Group Courland. On the same day, the former Army Group Center, which was now defending the northernmost sector of the contiguous Eastern Front, was renamed Army Group North, assuming the status of the third and final iteration of the army group.

First deployment of Army Group North: September – October 1939
The staff of Army Group North was formally assembled on 2 September 1939 from the headquarters of 2nd Army, which in turn had been activated just a few days prior, on 26 August. Fedor von Bock, commanding general of 2nd Army, became the first commanding general of Army Group North.

During the Invasion of Poland, Army Group North had two armies placed under its supervision: 3rd Army (Georg von Küchler) and 4th Army (Günther von Kluge). Additionally, it held four divisions as part of its army group reserves: 10th Panzer Division, 73rd Infantry Division, 206th Infantry Division and 208th Infantry Division.

On the morning of 1 September 1939, 3rd Army began its advance from East Prussia southwards towards central Poland, whereas 4th Army attacked from Pomerania into the Danzig Corridor.

Important battles by the 3rd Army during the Polish campaign included the Battle of Grudziądz, the Battle of Mława, the Battle of Różan, the Battle of Łomża, the Battle of Wizna and the Battle of Brześć Litewski. Important battles of the 4th Army included the Battle of Tuchola Forest, the Battle of Westerplatte, the Battle of Hel and the Battle of Gdynia.

Invasion of the Soviet Union
In preparation for Operation Barbarossa, Army Group North was reformed from Army Group C on 22 June 1941. Army Group North was commanded by Field Marshal Wilhelm Ritter von Leeb and staged in East Prussia. Its strategic goal was Leningrad, with operational objectives being the territories of the Baltic republics and securing the northern flank of Army Group Centre in Northern Russia between Western Dvina River and Daugavpils-Kholm Army Group boundary. On commencement of the Wehrmacht's Baltic offensive operation the army group deployed into Lithuania and northern Belorussia. It served mainly in Baltic territories and north Russia until 1944. Commander in Chief 22 June 1941: Wilhelm Ritter von Leeb.

Its subordinate armies were deployed with the following immediate objectives:
 * 18th Army - from Koenigsberg to Ventspils - Jelgava
 * 4th Panzer Group - Pskov
 * 16th Army - Kaunas, Daugavpils
 * Army Group troops
 * Army-Group signals regiment 537
 * Army-Group signals regiment 639 (2nd echelon)

The Baltic offensive operation
All operational objectives such as Tallinn were achieved despite stubborn Red Army resistance and several unsuccessful counter-offensives such as the Battle of Raseiniai, and the army group approached Leningrad, commencing the Siege of Leningrad. However, while the Baltic states were overrun, the Siege of Leningrad continued until 1944, when it was lifted as a result of the Red Army Leningrad-Novgorod strategic offensive operation.

In September 1941, the Spanish Blue Division was assigned to Army Group North.

Northern Russia offensive operation
Composition:

October 1941
 * 16th Army
 * 18th Army

Nevsky Pyatachok

Operation Nordlicht

Northern Russia defensive campaign
Commander in Chief 17 January 1942: GFM Georg von Küchler

Composition:

September 1942
 * 11th Army
 * 16th Army
 * 18th Army

December 1942
 * 16th Army
 * 18th Army

Demyansk Pocket

Kholm Pocket

Soviet Toropets-Kholm Operation

Battle of Velikiye Luki

Battle of Krasny Bor

Baltic defensive campaign
Commander in Chief 9 January 1944: Field marshal Walter Model

Commander in Chief 31 March 1944: Generaloberst Georg Lindemann

Commander in Chief 4 July 1944: Generaloberst Johannes Frießner

Commander in Chief 23 July 1944: GFM Ferdinand Schörner

March 1944 Battle of Narva, consisting of: Combat in South Estonia, 1944
 * Army detachment "Narwa"
 * 16th Army
 * 18th Army
 * 1) Battle for Narva Bridgehead and
 * 2) Battle of Tannenberg Line

Soviet Baltic Offensive

Battle of Porkuni

Battle of Vilnius (1944)

Battle of Memel

After becoming trapped in the Courland Cauldron after 25 January 1945, the Army Group was renamed Army Group Courland. On the same day, in East Prussia, a new Army Group North was created by renaming Army Group Center. On the 2 April 1945, the army group was dissolved, and the staff formed the 12th Army headquarters.

Campaign in East Prussia
Army Group North (old Army Group Centre), was driven into an ever smaller pocket around Königsberg in East Prussia. On April 9, 1945 Königsberg finally fell to the Red Army, although remnants of Army Group units continued to resist on the Heiligenbeil & Danzig beachheads until the end of the war in Europe.

October 1944
 * 16th Army
 * Armee-Abteilung Grasser
 * 18th Army

November 1944
 * 16th Army
 * Armee-Abteilung Kleffel
 * 18 Armee

December 1944
 * 16th Army
 * 18th Army

Soviet East Prussian Offensive

Battle of Königsberg

Heiligenbeil pocket

Campaign in West Prussia
Commander in Chief 27 January 1945: Generaloberst Dr. Lothar Rendulic

Commander in Chief 12 March 1945: Walter Weiß

Composition:

February 1945
 * Armee-Abteilung Samland
 * 4th Army

Soviet East Pomeranian Offensive

Battle of Kolberg

Courland Pocket On the 25 January 1945 Hitler renamed three army groups. Army Group North became Army Group Courland, more appropriate as it had been isolated from Army Group Centre and was trapped in Courland, Latvia; Army Group Centre became Army Group North and Army Group A became Army Group Centre.

Between January and February 1945, Army Group North sustained 213,000 casualties, including 30,000 dead, 126,000 wounded, and 57,000 missing.