August 31

Pre-1600

 * 1056 – After a sudden illness a few days previously, Byzantine Empress Theodora dies childless, thus ending the Macedonian dynasty.
 * 1057 – Abdication of Byzantine Emperor Michael VI Bringas after just one year.
 * 1218 – Al-Kamil becomes sultan of the Ayyubid dynasty.
 * 1314 – King Haakon V of Norway moves the capital from Bergen to Oslo.
 * 1420 – The 8.8–9.4 Caldera earthquake shakes Chile's Atacama Region causing tsunami in Chile, Hawaii, and Japan.
 * 1422 – King Henry V of England dies of dysentery while in France. His son, Henry VI, becomes King of England at the age of nine months.
 * 1535 – Pope Paul III excommunicates English King Henry VIII from the church. He drew up a papal bull of excommunication which began Eius qui immobilis.

1601–1900

 * 1776 – William Livingston, the first Governor of New Jersey, begins serving his first term.
 * 1795 – War of the First Coalition: The British capture Trincomalee (present-day Sri Lanka) from the Dutch in order to keep it out of French hands.
 * 1798 – Irish Rebellion: Irish rebels, with French assistance, establish the short-lived Republic of Connacht.
 * 1813 – Peninsular War: Spanish troops repel a French attack in the Battle of San Marcial.
 * 1864 – During the American Civil War, Union forces led by General William T. Sherman launch an assault on Atlanta.
 * 1876 – Ottoman Sultan Murad V is deposed and succeeded by his brother, Abdul Hamid II.
 * 1886 – The 7.0 Charleston earthquake affects southeastern South Carolina with a maximum Mercalli intensity of X (Extreme). Sixty people killed with damage estimated at $5–6 million.
 * 1888 – Mary Ann Nichols is murdered. She is the first of Jack the Ripper's confirmed victims.
 * 1895 – German Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin patents his navigable balloon.

1901–present

 * 1907 – Russia and the United Kingdom sign the Anglo-Russian Convention, by which the UK recognizes Russian preeminence in northern Persia, while Russia recognizes British preeminence in southeastern Persia and Afghanistan. Both powers pledge not to interfere in Tibet.
 * 1918 – World War I: Start of the Battle of Mont Saint-Quentin, a successful assault by the Australian Corps during the Hundred Days Offensive.
 * 1920 – Polish–Soviet War: A decisive Polish victory in the Battle of Komarów.
 * 1933 – The Integral Nationalist Group wins the 1933 Andorran parliamentary election, the first election in Andorra held with universal male suffrage.
 * 1935 – In an attempt to stay out of the growing tensions concerning Germany and Japan, the United States passes the first of its Neutrality Acts.
 * 1936 – Radio Prague, now the official international broadcasting station of the Czech Republic, goes on the air.
 * 1939 – Nazi Germany mounts a false flag attack on the Gleiwitz radio station, creating an excuse to attack Poland the following day, thus starting World War II in Europe.
 * 1940 – Pennsylvania Central Airlines Trip 19 crashes near Lovettsville, Virginia. The CAB investigation of the accident is the first investigation to be conducted under the Bureau of Air Commerce act of 1938.
 * 1941 – World War II: Serbian paramilitary forces defeat Germans in the Battle of Loznica.
 * 1943 – USS Harmon (DE-678), the first U.S. Navy ship to be named after a black person, is commissioned.
 * 1949 – The retreat of the Democratic Army of Greece into Albania after its defeat on Gramos mountain marks the end of the Greek Civil War.
 * 1950 – TWA Flight 903 crashes near Itay El Barud, Egypt, killing all 55 aboard.
 * 1957 – The Federation of Malaya (now Malaysia) gains its independence from the United Kingdom.
 * 1959 – A parcel bomb sent by Ngô Đình Nhu, younger brother and chief adviser of South Vietnamese President Ngô Đình Diệm, fails to kill King Norodom Sihanouk of Cambodia.
 * 1962 – Trinidad and Tobago becomes independent.
 * 1963 – Crown Colony of North Borneo (now Sabah) achieves self governance.
 * 1972 – Aeroflot Flight 558 crashes in the Abzelilovsky District in Bashkortostan, Russia (then the Soviet Union), killing all 102 people aboard.
 * 1986 – Aeroméxico Flight 498 collides with a Piper PA-28 Cherokee over Cerritos, California, killing 67 in the air and 15 on the ground.
 * 1986  – The Soviet passenger liner SS Admiral Nakhimov sinks in the Black Sea after colliding with the bulk carrier Pyotr Vasev, killing 423.
 * 1987 – Thai Airways Flight 365 crashes into the ocean near Ko Phuket, Thailand, killing all 83 aboard.
 * 1988 – Delta Air Lines Flight 1141 crashes during takeoff from Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport, killing 14.
 * 1988  – CAAC Flight 301 overshoots the runway at Kai Tak Airport and crashes into Kowloon Bay, killing seven people.
 * 1991 – Kyrgyzstan declares its independence from the Soviet Union.
 * 1993 – Russia completes removing its troops from Lithuania.
 * 1994 – Russia completes removing its troops from Estonia.
 * 1996 – Saddam Hussein's troops seized Irbil after the Kurdish Masoud Barzani appealed for help to defeat his Kurdish rival PUK.
 * 1997 – Diana, Princess of Wales, her partner, Dodi Fayed, and driver Henri Paul die in a car crash in Paris.
 * 1999 – The first of a series of bombings in Moscow kills one person and wounds 40 others.
 * 1999  – A LAPA Boeing 737-200 crashes during takeoff from Jorge Newbury Airport in Buenos Aires, killing 65, including two on the ground.
 * 2002 – Typhoon Rusa, the most powerful typhoon to hit South Korea in 43 years, made landfall, killing at least 236 people.
 * 2005 – The 2005 Al-Aaimmah bridge stampede in Baghdad kills 953 people.
 * 2006 – Edvard Munch's famous painting, The Scream, stolen on August 22, 2004, is recovered in a raid by Norwegian police.
 * 2016 – Brazil's President Dilma Rousseff is impeached and removed from office.
 * 2019 – A sightseeing helicopter crashes in the mountains of Skoddevarre in Alta Municipality in Northern Norway killing all 6 occupants.

Pre-1600

 * 12 – Caligula, Roman emperor (d. 41)
 * 161 – Commodus, Roman emperor (d. 192)
 * 1018 – Jeongjong II, Korean ruler (d. 1046)
 * 1168 – Zhang Zong, Chinese emperor (d. 1208)
 * 1542 – Isabella de' Medici, Italian princess (d. 1576)
 * 1569 – Jahangir, Mughal emperor (d. 1627)

1601–1900

 * 1652 – Ferdinando Carlo Gonzaga, Italian nobleman (d. 1708)
 * 1663 – Guillaume Amontons, French physicist and instrument maker (d. 1705)
 * 1721 – George Hervey, 2nd Earl of Bristol, English soldier and politician, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland (d. 1775)
 * 1741 – Jean-Paul-Égide Martini, French composer and educator (d. 1816)
 * 1748 – Jean-Étienne Despréaux, French ballet dancer, choreographer, composer, and playwright (d. 1820)
 * 1767 – Henry Joy McCracken, Irish businessman and activist, founded the Society of United Irishmen (d. 1798)
 * 1775 – Agnes Bulmer, English poet and author (d. 1836)
 * 1797 – Ramón Castilla, Peruvian military leader and politician, President of Peru (d. 1867)
 * 1797  – Stephen Geary, English architect, inventor and entrepreneur (d. 1854)
 * 1802 – Husein Gradaščević, Ottoman general (d. 1834)
 * 1811 – Théophile Gautier, French poet and critic (d. 1872)
 * 1821 – Hermann von Helmholtz, German physician and physicist (d. 1894)
 * 1823 – Galusha A. Grow, American lawyer and politician, 28th Speaker of the United States House of Representatives (d. 1907)
 * 1834 – Amilcare Ponchielli, Italian composer and educator (d. 1886)
 * 1842 – Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin, American journalist, publisher, and activist (d. 1924)
 * 1843 – Georg von Hertling, German academic and politician, 7th Chancellor of the German Empire (d. 1919)
 * 1870 – Maria Montessori, Italian physician and educator (d. 1952)
 * 1871 – James E. Ferguson, American banker and politician, 26th Governor of Texas (d. 1944)
 * 1875 – Rosa Lemberg, Namibian-born Finnish American teacher, singer and choral conductor (d. 1959)
 * 1878 – Frank Jarvis, American sprinter and lawyer (d. 1933)
 * 1879 – Alma Mahler, Austrian-American composer and author (d. 1964)
 * 1879  – Taishō, Emperor of Japan (d. 1926)
 * 1880 – Wilhelmina, queen of the Netherlands (d. 1962)
 * 1884 – George Sarton, Belgian-American historian of science (d. 1956)
 * 1885 – DuBose Heyward, American author and playwright (d. 1940)
 * 1890 – August Alle, Estonian poet and author (d. 1952)
 * 1890  – Nätti-Jussi, Finnish lumberjack and forest laborer (d. 1964)
 * 1893 – Lily Laskine, French harp player (d. 1988)
 * 1894 – Albert Facey, Australian soldier and author (d. 1982)
 * 1896 – Brian Edmund Baker, English Air Marshal (d. 1979)
 * 1896  – Félix-Antoine Savard, Canadian priest and author (d. 1982)
 * 1897 – Fredric March, American actor (d. 1975)
 * 1900 – Gino Lucetti, Italian anarchist, attempted assassin of Benito Mussolini (d. 1943)

1901–present

 * 1902 – Géza Révész, Hungarian general and politician, Hungarian Minister of Defence (d. 1977)
 * 1903 – Arthur Godfrey, American radio and television host (d. 1983)
 * 1903  – Vladimir Jankélévitch, French musicologist and philosopher (d. 1985)
 * 1905 – Robert Bacher, American physicist and academic (d. 2004)
 * 1905  – Sanford Meisner, American actor and educator (d. 1997)
 * 1907 – Valter Biiber, Estonian footballer (d. 1977)
 * 1907  – Augustus F. Hawkins, American lawyer and politician (d. 2007)
 * 1907  – Ramon Magsaysay, Filipino captain, engineer, and politician, 7th President of the Philippines (d. 1957)
 * 1907  – William Shawn, American journalist (d. 1992)
 * 1907  – Altiero Spinelli, Italian theorist and politician (d. 1986)
 * 1908 – William Saroyan, American novelist, playwright, and short story writer (d. 1981)
 * 1909 – Ferenc Fejtő, Hungarian-French journalist and political scientist (d. 2008)
 * 1911 – Edward Brongersma, Dutch journalist and politician (d. 1998)
 * 1911  – Arsenio Rodríguez, Cuban-American tres player, composer, and bandleader (d. 1970)
 * 1913 – Helen Levitt, American photographer and cinematographer (d. 2009)
 * 1913  – Bernard Lovell, English physicist and astronomer (d. 2012)
 * 1914 – Richard Basehart, American actor (d. 1984)
 * 1915 – Pete Newell, American basketball player and coach (d. 2008)
 * 1916 – Danny Litwhiler, American baseball player and coach (d. 2011)
 * 1916  – Daniel Schorr, American journalist and author (d. 2010)
 * 1916  – John S. Wold, American geologist and politician (d. 2017)
 * 1918 – Alan Jay Lerner, American songwriter and composer (d. 1986)
 * 1919 – Amrita Pritam, Indian poet and author (d. 2005)
 * 1921 – Otis G. Pike, American judge and politician (d. 2014)
 * 1921  – Raymond Williams, Welsh author and academic (d. 1988)
 * 1924 – John Davidson, American physician and politician (d. 2012)
 * 1924  – Buddy Hackett, American actor and singer (d. 2003)
 * 1924  – Herbert Wise, Austrian-English director and producer (d. 2015)
 * 1925 – Moran Campbell, English-Canadian physician and academic, invented the venturi mask (d. 2004)
 * 1925  – Maurice Pialat, French actor and director (d. 2003)
 * 1928 – James Coburn, American actor (d. 2002)
 * 1928  – Jaime Sin, Filipino cardinal (d. 2005)
 * 1930 – Big Tiny Little, American pianist (d. 2010)
 * 1931 – Jean Béliveau, Canadian ice hockey player (d. 2014)
 * 1931  – Rolf Just Nilsen, Norwegian singer and actor (d. 1981)
 * 1931  – Noble Willingham, American actor (d. 2004)
 * 1932 – Allan Fotheringham, Canadian journalist (d. 2020)
 * 1932  – Roy Castle, English dancer, singer, comedian, actor, television presenter and musician (d. 1994)
 * 1935 – Eldridge Cleaver, American activist and author (d. 1998)
 * 1935  – Bryan Organ, English painter
 * 1935  – Frank Robinson, American baseball player and manager (d. 2019)
 * 1936 – Vladimir Orlov, Russian journalist and author (d. 2014)
 * 1937 – Warren Berlinger, American actor (d. 2020)
 * 1937  – Bobby Parker, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 2013)
 * 1938 – Martin Bell, English journalist and politician
 * 1939 – Jerry Allison, American drummer and songwriter (d. 2022)
 * 1940 – Robbie Basho, American guitarist, pianist, and composer (d. 1986)
 * 1940  – Wilton Felder, American saxophonist and bass player (d. 2015)
 * 1940  – Larry Hankin, American actor, director, and producer
 * 1940  – Roger Newman, English-American actor and screenwriter (d. 2010)
 * 1940  – Jack Thompson, Australian actor
 * 1941 – William DeWitt, Jr., American businessman
 * 1941  – Emmanuel Nunes, Portuguese-French composer and educator (d. 2012)
 * 1942 – Isao Aoki, Japanese golfer
 * 1943 – Leonid Ivashov, Russian general
 * 1944 – Roger Dean, English illustrator and publisher
 * 1944  – Liz Forgan, English journalist
 * 1944  – Christine King, English historian and academic
 * 1944  – Clive Lloyd, Guyanese cricketer
 * 1945 – Van Morrison, Northern Irish singer-songwriter
 * 1945  – Itzhak Perlman, Israeli-American violinist and conductor
 * 1945  – Bob Welch, American singer and guitarist (d. 2012)
 * 1946 – Ann Coffey, Scottish social worker and politician
 * 1946  – Jerome Corsi, American conspiracy theorist and author
 * 1946  – Tom Coughlin, American football player and coach
 * 1947 – Luca Cordero di Montezemolo, Italian businessman
 * 1947  – Yumiko Ōshima, Japanese author and illustrator
 * 1947  – Somchai Wongsawat, Thai lawyer and politician, 26th Prime Minister of Thailand
 * 1948 – Harald Ertl, Austrian race car driver and journalist (d. 1982)
 * 1948  – Lowell Ganz, American screenwriter and producer
 * 1948  – Ken McMullen, English director, producer, and screenwriter
 * 1948  – Holger Osieck, German footballer and manager
 * 1948  – Rudolf Schenker, German guitarist and songwriter
 * 1949 – Richard Gere, American actor and producer
 * 1949  – Stephen McKinley Henderson, American actor
 * 1949  – Hugh David Politzer, American physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate
 * 1949  – Rick Roberts, American country-rock singer-songwriter and guitarist
 * 1951 – Grant Batty, New Zealand rugby player
 * 1952 – Kim Kashkashian, American viola player and educator
 * 1952  – Herbert Reul, German politician
 * 1953 – Marcia Clark, American attorney and author
 * 1953  – Miguel Ángel Guerra, Argentinian race car driver
 * 1953  – György Károly, Hungarian poet and author (d. 2018)
 * 1953  – Pavel Vinogradov, Russian astronaut and engineer
 * 1954 – Julie Brown, American actress and screenwriter
 * 1955 – Aleksander Krupa, Polish-American actor
 * 1955  – Julie Maxton, Scottish lawyer and academic
 * 1955  – Edwin Moses, American hurdler
 * 1955  – Anthony Thistlethwaite, English saxophonist and bass player
 * 1955  – Gary Webb, American journalist and author (d. 2004)
 * 1956 – Mária Balážová, Slovak painter and illustrator
 * 1956  – Kent Nilsson, Swedish ice hockey player
 * 1956  – Masashi Tashiro, Japanese singer, actor, and director
 * 1956  – Tsai Ing-wen, Taiwanese politician and the President of the Republic of China
 * 1957 – Colm O'Rourke, Irish footballer and sportscaster
 * 1957  – Gina Schock, American drummer
 * 1957  – Glenn Tilbrook, English singer-songwriter and guitarist
 * 1958 – Serge Blanco, Venezuelan-French rugby player and businessman
 * 1958  – Stephen Cottrell, English bishop
 * 1959 – Ralph Krueger, Canadian ice hockey player and coach
 * 1959  – Jessica Upshaw, American lawyer and politician (d. 2013)
 * 1960 – Vali Ionescu, Romanian long jumper
 * 1960  – Chris Whitley, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 2005)
 * 1960  – Hassan Nasrallah, Lebanese politician, 3rd Secretary-General of Hezbollah
 * 1961 – Kieran Crowley, New Zealand rugby player
 * 1961  – Magnus Ilmjärv, Estonian historian and author
 * 1962 – Dee Bradley Baker, American voice actor
 * 1963 – Reb Beach, American guitarist
 * 1963  – Rituparno Ghosh, Indian actor, director, and screenwriter (d. 2013)
 * 1963  – Sonny Silooy, Dutch footballer and manager
 * 1964 – Raymond P. Hammond, American poet and critic
 * 1965 – Zsolt Borkai, Hungarian gymnast and politician
 * 1965  – Susan Gritton, English soprano and actress
 * 1966 – Lyuboslav Penev, Bulgarian footballer and manager
 * 1967 – Gene Hoglan, American drummer
 * 1967  – Anita Moen, Norwegian skier
 * 1968 – Valdon Dowiyogo, Nauruan politician (d. 2016)
 * 1968  – Hideo Nomo, Japanese baseball player
 * 1968  – Jolene Watanabe, American tennis player (d. 2019)
 * 1969 – Nathalie Bouvier, French skier
 * 1969  – Jonathan LaPaglia, Australian actor and physician
 * 1969  – Jeff Russo, American musician
 * 1969  – Javagal Srinath, Indian cricketer and referee
 * 1970 – Debbie Gibson, American singer-songwriter, producer, and actress
 * 1970  – Nikola Gruevski, Macedonian economist and politician, 6th Prime Minister of the Republic of Macedonia
 * 1970  – Greg Mulholland, English politician
 * 1970  – Queen Rania of Jordan
 * 1970  – Arie van Lent, Dutch-German footballer and manager
 * 1970  – Zack Ward, Canadian actor and producer
 * 1971 – Kirstie Allsopp, British TV presenter
 * 1971  – Pádraig Harrington, Irish golfer
 * 1971  – Vadim Repin, Belgian-Russian violinist
 * 1971  – Chris Tucker, American comedian and actor
 * 1973 – Scott Niedermayer, Canadian ice hockey player and coach
 * 1974 – Andriy Medvedev, Ukrainian-Monégasque tennis player
 * 1975 – Craig Cumming, New Zealand cricketer and sportscaster
 * 1975  – John Grahame, American ice hockey player and coach
 * 1975  – Sara Ramirez, Mexican-American actor and musician
 * 1976 – Vincent Delerm, French singer-songwriter and pianist
 * 1976  – Shar Jackson, American actress and singer
 * 1976  – Roque Júnior, Brazilian footballer and manager
 * 1976  – Radek Martínek, Czech ice hockey player
 * 1977 – Jeff Hardy, American wrestler and singer
 * 1977  – Ian Harte, Irish footballer
 * 1977  – Craig Nicholls, Australian singer-songwriter and guitarist
 * 1977  – Arzu Yanardağ, Turkish actress and model
 * 1978 – Philippe Christanval, French footballer
 * 1978  – Ido Pariente, Israeli mixed martial artist and trainer
 * 1978  – Jennifer Ramírez Rivero, Venezuelan model
 * 1978  – Craig Stapleton, Australian rugby league player
 * 1978  – Sandis Valters, Latvian basketball player
 * 1978  – Morten Qvenild, Norwegian pianist and composer
 * 1979 – Clay Hensley, American baseball player
 * 1979  – Mark Johnston, Canadian swimmer
 * 1979  – Yara Martinez, Puerto Rican-American actress
 * 1979  – Simon Neil, Scottish singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer
 * 1979  – Yuvan Shankar Raja, Indian Tamil singer-songwriter and producer
 * 1979  – Ramón Santiago, Dominican baseball player
 * 1979  – Mickie James, American wrestler
 * 1980 – Joe Budden, American broadcaster and former rapper
 * 1981 – Ahmad Al Harthy, Omani race car driver
 * 1981  – Dwayne Peel, Welsh rugby player
 * 1981  – Steve Saviano, American ice hockey player
 * 1982 – Ian Crocker, American swimmer
 * 1982  – Chris Duhon, American basketball player
 * 1982  – Lien Huyghebaert, Belgian sprinter
 * 1982  – Christopher Katongo, Zambian footballer
 * 1982  – Josh Kroeger, American baseball player
 * 1982  – Alexei Mikhnov, Ukrainian-Russian ice hockey player
 * 1982  – Pepe Reina, Spanish footballer
 * 1982  – Michele Rugolo, Italian race car driver
 * 1982  – G. Willow Wilson, American journalist and author
 * 1983 – Deniz Aydoğdu, German-Turkish footballer
 * 1983  – Milan Biševac, Serbian footballer
 * 1983  – Larry Fitzgerald, American football player
 * 1984 – Matti Breschel, Danish cyclist
 * 1984  – Ryan Kesler, American ice hockey player
 * 1984  – Ted Ligety, American skier
 * 1984  – Charl Schwartzel, South African golfer
 * 1985 – Rolando, Portuguese footballer
 * 1985  – Andrew Foster, Australian footballer
 * 1985  – Mabel Matiz, Turkish singer
 * 1985  – Mohammed bin Salman, Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia
 * 1986 – Ryan Kelley, American actor
 * 1986  – Johnny Wactor, American actor (d. 2024)
 * 1986  – Blake Wheeler, American ice hockey player
 * 1987 – Xavi Annunziata, Spanish footballer
 * 1987  – Petros Kravaritis, Greek footballer
 * 1987  – Ondřej Pavelec, Czech ice hockey player
 * 1988 – Matt Adams, American baseball player
 * 1988  – Trent Hodkinson, Australian rugby league player
 * 1988  – David Ospina, Colombian footballer
 * 1988  – Ember Moon, American wrestler
 * 1989 – Dezmon Briscoe, American football player
 * 1990 – Tadeja Majerič, Slovenian tennis player
 * 1991 – António Félix da Costa, Portuguese race car driver
 * 1991  – Cédric Soares, Portuguese footballer
 * 1992 – Holly Earl, British actress
 * 1992  – Tyler Randell, Australian rugby league player
 * 1993 – Pablo Marí, Spanish football player
 * 1993  – Ilnur Alshin, Russian football player
 * 1993  – Anna Karnaukh, Russian water polo player
 * 1994 – Alex Harris, Scottish footballer
 * 1994  – Can Aktav, Turkish football player
 * 1996 – Jalen Brunson, American basketball player
 * 1998 – Jaylen Barron, American actress
 * 2000 – Sauce Gardner, American football player
 * 2001 – Amanda Anisimova, American tennis player
 * 2004 – Jang Won-young, South Korean singer and model

Pre-1600

 * 318 – Liu Cong, emperor of the Xiongnu state
 * 577 – John Scholasticus, Byzantine patriarch and saint
 * 651 – Aidan of Lindisfarne, Irish bishop and saint
 * 731 – Ōtomo no Tabito, Japanese poet (b. 665)
 * 894 – Ahmad ibn Muhammad al-Ta'i, Muslim governor
 * 1054 – Kunigunde of Altdorf, Frankish noblewoman (b. c. 1020)
 * 1056 – Theodora, Empress of the Eastern Roman Empire (b. 981)
 * 1115 – Turgot of Durham (b.c. 1050)
 * 1158 – Sancho III of Castile (b. 1134)
 * 1234 – Emperor Go-Horikawa of Japan (b. 1212)
 * 1287 – Konrad von Würzburg, German poet
 * 1324 – Henry II of Jerusalem (b. 1271)
 * 1372 – Ralph de Stafford, 1st Earl of Stafford, English soldier (b. 1301)
 * 1422 – Henry V of England (b. 1386)
 * 1450 – Isabella of Navarre, Countess of Armagnac (b. 1395)
 * 1502 – Thomas Wode, Lord Chief Justice of the Common Pleas
 * 1528 – Matthias Grünewald, German artist (b. 1470)

1601–1900

 * 1645 – Francesco Bracciolini, Italian poet (b. 1566)
 * 1654 – Ole Worm, Danish physician and historian (b. 1588)
 * 1688 – John Bunyan, English preacher, theologian, and author (b. 1628)
 * 1730 – Gottfried Finger, Czech-German viol player and composer (b. 1660)
 * 1741 – Johann Gottlieb Heineccius, German academic and jurist (b. 1681)
 * 1772 – William Borlase, English geologist and historian (b. 1695)
 * 1795 – François-André Danican Philidor, French-English chess player and composer (b. 1726)
 * 1799 – Nicolas-Henri Jardin, French architect and academic, designed the Bernstorff Palace and Marienlyst Castle (b. 1720)
 * 1811 – Louis Antoine de Bougainville, French admiral and explorer (b. 1729)
 * 1814 – Arthur Phillip, English admiral and politician, 1st Governor of New South Wales (b. 1738)
 * 1817 – Sir John Duckworth, 1st Baronet, English admiral and politician, 39th Commodore Governor of Newfoundland (b. 1747)
 * 1818 – Robert Calder, Scottish admiral (b. 1745)
 * 1858 – Chief Oshkosh, Menominee chief (b. 1795)
 * 1867 – Charles Baudelaire, French poet and critic (b. 1821)
 * 1864 – Ferdinand Lassalle, Prussian-German jurist and philosopher (b. 1825)
 * 1869 – Mary Ward, Irish astronomer and entomologist (b. 1827)
 * 1884 – Robert Torrens, Irish-Australian politician, 3rd Premier of South Australia (b. 1814)

1901–present

 * 1908 – Leslie Green, English architect (b. 1875)
 * 1910 – Emīls Dārziņš, Latvian composer, conductor, and music critic (b. 1875)
 * 1912 – Jean, duc Decazes, French sailor (b. 1864)
 * 1920 – Wilhelm Wundt, German physician, psychologist, and philosopher (b. 1832)
 * 1924 – Todor Aleksandrov, Bulgarian soldier (b. 1881)
 * 1927 – Andranik, Armenian general (b. 1865)
 * 1937 – Ruth Baldwin, British socialite (b. 1905)
 * 1940 – Georges Gauthier, Canadian archbishop (b. 1871)
 * 1940  – DeLancey W. Gill, American painter (b. 1859)
 * 1941 – Thomas Bavin, New Zealand-Australian politician, 24th Premier of New South Wales (b. 1874)
 * 1941  – Marina Tsvetaeva, Russian poet and author (b. 1892)
 * 1945 – Stefan Banach, Polish mathematician (b. 1892)
 * 1948 – Andrei Zhdanov, Russian civil servant and politician (b. 1896)
 * 1951 – Paul Demel, Czech actor (b. 1903)
 * 1952 – Henri Bourassa, Canadian publisher and politician (b. 1868)
 * 1954 – Elsa Barker, American author and poet (b. 1869)
 * 1963 – Georges Braque, French painter and sculptor (b. 1882)
 * 1965 – E. E. Smith, American engineer and author (b. 1890)
 * 1967 – Ilya Ehrenburg, Russian journalist and author (b. 1891)
 * 1968 – John Hartle, English motorcycle racer (b. 1933)
 * 1969 – Rocky Marciano, American boxer (b. 1923)
 * 1973 – John Ford, American actor, director, producer, and screenwriter (b. 1894)
 * 1974 – William Pershing Benedict, American soldier and pilot (b. 1918)
 * 1974  – Norman Kirk, New Zealand engineer and politician, 29th Prime Minister of New Zealand (b. 1923)
 * 1978 – John Wrathall, Rhodesian accountant and politician, 2nd President of Rhodesia (b. 1913)
 * 1979 – Sally Rand, American actress and dancer (b. 1904)
 * 1979  – Tiger Smith, English cricketer and coach (b. 1886)
 * 1984 – Audrey Wagner, American baseball player, obstetrician, and gynecologist (b. 1927)
 * 1985 – Frank Macfarlane Burnet, Australian virologist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1899)
 * 1986 – Elizabeth Coatsworth, American author and poet (b. 1893)
 * 1986  – Urho Kekkonen, Finnish journalist, lawyer, and politician, 8th President of Finland (b. 1900)
 * 1986  – Henry Moore, English sculptor and illustrator (b. 1898)
 * 1990 – Nathaniel Clifton, American basketball player and coach (b. 1922)
 * 1991 – Cliff Lumsdon, Canadian swimmer and coach (b. 1931)
 * 1997 – Diana, Princess of Wales (b. 1961)
 * 1997  – Dodi Fayed, Egyptian film producer (b. 1955)
 * 2000 – Lucille Fletcher, American screenwriter (b. 1912)
 * 2000  – Dolores Moore, American baseball player and educator (b. 1932)
 * 2002 – Lionel Hampton, American pianist, composer, and bandleader (b. 1908)
 * 2002  – Farhad Mehrad, Persian singer-songwriter, guitarist, and pianist (b. 1944)
 * 2002  – George Porter, English chemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1920)
 * 2005 – Joseph Rotblat, Polish-English physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1908)
 * 2006 – Mohamed Abdelwahab, Egyptian footballer (b. 1983)
 * 2006  – Tom Delaney, English race car driver and businessman (b. 1911)
 * 2007 – Gay Brewer, American golfer (b. 1932)
 * 2007  – Jean Jacques Paradis, Canadian general (b. 1928)
 * 2007  – Sulev Vahtre, Estonian historian and academic (b. 1926)
 * 2008 – Ken Campbell, English actor and screenwriter (b. 1941)
 * 2008  – Ike Pappas, American journalist (b. 1933)
 * 2008  – Victor Yates, New Zealand rugby player (b. 1939)
 * 2010 – Laurent Fignon, French cyclist (b. 1960)
 * 2011 – Wade Belak, Canadian ice hockey player (b. 1976)
 * 2012 – Max Bygraves, English actor (b. 1922)
 * 2012  – Joe Lewis, American martial artist and actor (b. 1944)
 * 2012  – Carlo Maria Martini, Italian cardinal (b. 1927)
 * 2012  – Kashiram Rana, Indian lawyer and politician (b. 1938)
 * 2012  – John C. Shabaz, American judge and politician (b. 1931)
 * 2012  – Sergey Sokolov, Russian commander and politician, 6th Minister of Defence for The Soviet Union (b. 1911)
 * 2013 – Alan Carrington, English chemist and academic (b. 1934)
 * 2013  – David Frost, English journalist and game show host (b. 1939)
 * 2013  – Jimmy Greenhalgh, English footballer and manager (b. 1923)
 * 2013  – Jan Camiel Willems, Belgian mathematician and theorist (b. 1939)
 * 2014 – Bapu, Indian director and screenwriter (b. 1933)
 * 2014  – Ștefan Andrei, Romanian politician, 87th Romanian Minister of Foreign Affairs (b. 1931)
 * 2014  – Stan Goldberg, American illustrator (b. 1932)
 * 2014  – Carol Vadnais, Canadian ice hockey player and coach (b. 1945)
 * 2015 – Edward Douglas-Scott-Montagu, 3rd Baron Montagu of Beaulieu, English politician, founded the National Motor Museum (b. 1926)
 * 2015  – Tom Scott, American football player (b. 1930)
 * 2018 – Carole Shelley, British-American actress (b. 1939)
 * 2019 – Anthoine Hubert, French race car driver (b. 1996)
 * 2019  – Alec Holowka, Canadian game developer (b. 1983)
 * 2020 – Pranab Mukherjee, Former President of India (b. 1935)
 * 2020  – Tom Seaver, American baseball player (b. 1944)
 * 2021 – Mahal, Filipino comedian and actress (b. 1974)
 * 2021  – Francesco Morini, Italian footballer (b. 1944)
 * 2021  – Michael Constantine, Greek-American actor (b. 1927)
 * 2021  – Geronimo, British alpaca (b. 2013)

Holidays and observances

 * Baloch-Pakhtun Unity Day (Balochs and Pashtuns, International observance)
 * Christian feast day:
 * Aidan of Lindisfarne
 * Aristides of Athens
 * Cuthburh
 * Dominguito del Val
 * Joseph of Arimathea
 * Nicodemus
 * Paulinus of Trier
 * Raymond Nonnatus
 * Wala of Corbie
 * Waltheof, Earl of Northumbria
 * August 31 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
 * Day of Solidarity and Freedom (Poland)
 * Independence Day, celebrates the independence of Kyrgyzstan from the Soviet Union in 1991.
 * Independence Day, celebrates the independence of Malaya from the United Kingdom in 1957.
 * Independence Day, celebrates the independence of Trinidad and Tobago from the United Kingdom in 1962.
 * Romanian Language Day (Romania, Moldova)
 * North Borneo Self-government Day (Sabah, Borneo)