Australian nationalism



Australian nationalism is the ideology, movement and sentiment that emphasizes the identity, culture, and interests of Australia as a nation-state, asserting the identity of Australians as a distinct nation. It encompasses a range of beliefs and values that are often rooted in Australia's history, geography, and socio-political context. Key elements of Australian nationalism include a sense of national pride, attachment to Australian symbols such as the flag and national anthem, and a focus on promoting Australia's sovereignty and independence.

Historically, Australian nationalism emerged during the late 19th and early 20th centuries as Australia moved towards federation and gained independence from British colonial rule, developing itself in three pivotal historical traditions: the labour movement, the republican movement and the native-nationalist movement. It was shaped by factors such as the experiences of early settlers and the desire for a distinct Australian identity separate from British influence.

Pre-Federation
By the early 19th century, Australia was governed as a series of six largely self-governing colonies that were spread across the continent and were part of the British Empire. Attempts to coordinate governance had failed in the 1860s due to a lack of popular support and lack of interest from the British government, but by the 1880s, and with the rise of nationalist movements in Europe, the efforts to establish a federation of the Australian colonies began to gather momentum. The British government supported federation as a means to cement British influence in the South Pacific.

Post-Federation
Nationalistic sentiments increased as a result of Australia's participation in the First and Second World Wars, with concepts such as "mateship" becoming a cornerstone of Australian nationalism. <!-- POSSIBLE MAJOR THEMES (nb: I believe that the -- or at least an -- article title should be "Australian National Identity") Aboriginal identity - Pre-colonial - colonial - 1967 Referendum - Aboriginal Tent Embassy - Aboriginal Flag - 1976 Land Rights Act - Mabo - Continuity and discontinuity of traditional identity in modern Aboriginality - The Stolen Generations / The History Wars / Black Armband View / - Welcome to Country / Acknowledgement of Country - Australia Day -- "Invasion Day" - The Apology - Discussion re changes to constitutional preamble - the notion of reconciliation

Australia as a unified (white) country - colonial roots - The Eureka Stockade, and the Eureka Flag - the Frontier Wars (including Myall Creek, Tasmania, etc) - issues with multiple colonies (trade, transportation) - The Bloke (sentimental or otherwise) - The Bulletin ("Australia for the White Man"), Henry Lawson, Banjo Paterson, and others - ... and representations of The Bush and The Outback (1880s-1890s). The Heidelberg School (1891) - Lead up to Federation (including WA as possibly separate; NZ as possibly united) - Federation 1901; Celebrations - Immigration Restriction Act 1901 -- White Australia Policy - Dorothea Mackeller - "My Country" (1908) - World War I: The Anzac tradition/"myth" as unifier. Anzac spirit; Mateship - Mary Grant Bruce - Fascism in Australia -- The New Guard - Australia Day: 1935... 1994 (!)       -, particularly WA; Proposals for new Australian states; Principality of Hutt River?

Relation to Britain and the US       - relation to Britain as "The Mother Country". Australia as an outpost of Empire - Australian plebiscite, 1977 (National Song); God Save the Queen as anthem until 1984(!) then Advance Australia Fair - Waltzing Matilda - World War 2 as pivot - relation to America "Powerful Friend"(1940s) - All the Way with LBJ (1960s) - ANZUS (1980s) - Deputy Sheriff (2000s) - (Diplomatic history of Australia) - Australia Act 1986. - Bicentenary 1988 - Republicanism vs Monarchism -- Australian head of state dispute - the flag

Multicultural Australia - Multiculturalism in Australia - [in passing: old roots (eg: pre-colonial trade; post-goldfield era Chinese settlement; blackbirders; pearl divers, etc)] - Postwar - populate or perish - ?Australia as more internationalist country -- Doc Evatt@UN? - successive European waves - New Australians; Ten Pound Poms - assimilation - Continued application of the White Australia Policy to screen undesirables -- the language test - Decline and end of the WAP - 1966 - Multicultural policy - First wave refugees - Asian (Vietnamese, +Cambodians, Lao, East Timorese) and Lebanese. "boat people" - Australia as an Asian country (Mahathir...) - "casual racism" Modern counterreactions - Criticism of multiculturalism - Asian immigration (John Howard, Pauline Hanson) - Post-2001 refugees Asylum in Australia - Andrew Bolt, Miranda Divine, etc.        - The History Wars - Is X really Aboriginal (eg Michael Mansell) - Changes to the Australian citizenship test... Don Bradman - Australia as a "Christian Country"; Certain Muslim/Anti-muslim tensions; Rise Up Australia; - Cronulla Riots -- nuance required! - explicitly religious vs racialist vs cultural nationalism/chauvenism eg Reclaim Australia vs United Patriots Front vs Australia First Party vs One Nation - Un-Australianism

The role of national sport in identity - cricket: First team Aboriginal; - Cricket: The founding of the Ashes - Cricket: The Don; The Invincibles; Bodyline - Football tribalism - 1956 Olympics - America's Cup. Bob Hawke. - 2000 Olympics -2000 Sydney Olympics; -- Reconciliation - Adam Goodes

The projection of national/cultural identity - Australian diaspora to London -- ?first? wave Germaine Greer, Barry Humphries, Robert Hughes, Clive James, ... - Identity in Australian film (and television) * non-representative mix - Australian films and media on an international stage - Outsider perceptions of Australia * Through self-created Australian stereotypes (Bazza Mackenzie, Paul Hogan, Steve Irwin, ...) * Tourism campaigns * The Simpsons * Australian characters * Perceptions and accusations of racism -->

Current

 * Liberal Party of Australia (National Right Faction)
 * National Party of Australia (factions)
 * Liberal National Party of Queensland (factions)
 * Australia First Party
 * Australian Protectionist Party
 * Katter's Australian Party
 * Pauline Hanson's One Nation
 * The Great Australian Party

Defunct

 * Advance Australia Party
 * Australian Nationalist Party
 * Centre Party
 * Fraser Anning's Conservative National Party
 * Love Australia or Leave
 * Nationalist Party
 * Reclaim Australia: Reduce Immigration
 * Rise Up Australia Party

Active

 * Advance Australia
 * Institute of Public Affairs
 * National Socialist Network
 * Antipodean Resistance
 * Australian League of Rights
 * True Blue Crew
 * Lads Society

Defunct

 * Australia First Movement
 * Australian Natives' Association
 * New Guard
 * United Patriots' Front

Historical

 * Frank Anstey
 * William Baylebridge
 * Ben Chifley
 * John Gorton
 * Rex Ingamells
 * William Lane
 * Jack Lang
 * John Dunmore Lang
 * Henry Lawson
 * Norman Lindsay
 * Alexander Rud Mills
 * John Monash
 * Ian Mudie
 * Banjo Patterson
 * Percy Stephenson
 * William Wentworth
 * Gough Whitlam

Contemporary

 * Tony Abbott
 * Peter Dutton
 * Clive Palmer
 * Craig Kelly
 * Pauline Hanson
 * Jim Saleam
 * Fraser Anning
 * Jacinta Nampijinpa Price
 * John Howard