Ball (rhythmic gymnastics)

The ball is a key apparatus in rhythmic gymnastics, a sport that combines elements of ballet, dance, and gymnastics. The ball is used in individual and group routines, showcasing an athlete's coordination, balance, flexibility, and artistic expression.

Specifications
The rhythmic ball is typically made of a flexible, rubber-like material. According to the Fédération Internationale de Gymnastique (FIG), the official specifications for the ball are as follows:


 * Diameter: 18 to 20 cm
 * Weight: Minimum of 400 grams
 * Color: Can vary, often brightly colored or decorated

Techniques and elements
Gymnasts perform a variety of elements with the ball, including:
 * Throws and Catches:
 * High Tosses: The gymnast throws the ball high into the air and catches it while performing other movements, such as pirouettes or leaps.
 * Low Throws: The ball is thrown just above head height and caught quickly, often combined with quick footwork or body movements.
 * Body Catches: Catching the ball with different parts of the body like the back, neck, or legs.
 * Rolls
 * Body Rolls: The ball is rolled across different parts of the body, such as the arms, back, and legs, requiring smooth and controlled movements.
 * Floor Rolls: Rolling the ball on the floor in various patterns, often synchronized with footwork and dance movements.
 * Bounces:
 * Rebounds: Bouncing the ball off the floor or apparatus, often combined with acrobatic elements.
 * Controlled Bounces: Low, controlled bounces that keep the ball close to the gymnast, used to demonstrate control and precision.
 * Circles and Spirals:
 * Circular Movements: Moving the ball in circular patterns around the body or in the air, often combined with spinning or turning.
 * Spiral Movements: Creating spiral shapes with the ball, showcasing fluidity and grace.
 * Balances and Holds:
 * Static Balances: Holding the ball in a balanced position on different parts of the body, such as the hand, foot, or back, often while performing other elements.
 * Dynamic Balances: Maintaining balance with the ball while moving or transitioning between poses.
 * Passing:
 * Direct Passes: Passing the ball from one hand to the other, or from one gymnast to another in group routines, demonstrating precision and teamwork.
 * Indirect Passes: More complex passes that involve the ball traveling along a path, such as around the body or under the legs, before being caught.

Historical context
The rhythmic ball has evolved significantly since the inception of rhythmic gymnastics. The early forms of the sport, known as "group gymnastics" or "modern gymnastics," incorporated apparatus like balls, hoops, and ropes, which were used more for their utility in exercises rather than for performance artistry. The evolution of the rhythmic ball reflects the broader development of rhythmic gymnastics, emphasized a blend of athleticism, artistry, and innovation.
 * Early 20th Century: The use of balls in group gymnastics emerged, focusing on simple throws and catches to enhance physical fitness.
 * 1950s: Rhythmic gymnastics began to formalize as a distinct sport. Balls became more prominent, and their use evolved to include more complex manipulations and artistic elements.
 * 1960s and 1970s: The FIG established official rules and competitions for rhythmic gymnastics. The ball was recognised as an official apparatus, and routines began to incorporate more sophisticated techniques and artistic choreography.
 * 1984: Rhythmic gymnastics was included in the Olympic Games for the first time, raising the profile of the sport and leading to further innovation in ball handling techniques.
 * 2000s to Present: Technological advancements in material sciences have improved the quality and durability of rhythmic balls. Choreography has become increasingly intricate, with gymnasts pushing the boundaries of what can be achieved with the ball.

Notable rhythmic gymnasts
Some of the most renowned rhythmic gymnasts known for their skill with the ball include:
 * Evgenia Kanaeva: Multiple Olympic and World Champion.
 * Yana Kudryavtseva: Known for her elegant and expressive ball routines.
 * Dina Averina: Renowned for her technical precision and innovative ball handling.