Basketane

Basketane is a polycyclic alkane with the chemical formula C10H12. The name is taken from its structural similarity to a basket shape. Basketane was first synthesized in 1966, independently by Masamune and Dauben and Whalen. A patent application published in 1988 used basketane, which is a hydrocarbon, as a source material in doping thin diamond layers because of the molecule's high vapor pressure, carbon ring structure, and fewer hydrogen-to-carbon bond ratio.

Chemical nomenclature
In the year 1989 and before the synthesis of basketane, historic chemists were intrigued by the structural make-up of molecules, specifically those in objects seen in everyday life. Using supramolecular chemistry, molecules such as cubane and basketane were named according to their corresponding shape and historically revealed certain characteristics and personal motives of chemists at that time. Naming these uniquely shaped molecules were also done considering chemical nomenclature such as adding "-anes" for single carbon-carbon bonds and "-enes" for double carbon-carbon bonds to the end of the appropriate molecules.

Synthesis
One synthesis of basketane begins with a Diels–Alder reaction between cyclooctatetraene (1) and maleic anhydride (2), giving the polycyclic anhydride 3, which photoisomerizes in acetone via an intramolecular cyclization to give 4 at a 40% yield. Hydrolysis of the anhydride followed by treatment with lead tetraacetate affords the unsaturated basketene (5), which is then hydrogenated to basketane (6).


 * [[Image:Synthesis_Basketan.svg]]

An alternative synthetic route with better overall yield uses 1,4-benzoquinone and cyclohexa-1,3-diene as starting materials. 1,4-Benzoquinone (1) is first converted to 2,5-dibromo-1,4-benzoquinone (2), which reacts in a Diels–Alder reaction with cyclohexa-1,3-diene (3) to form the polycyclic diketone 4. This diketone photoisomerizes to 1,6-dibromopentacyclo[6.4.0.03,6.04,12.05,9]dodeca-2,7-dione (5), which undergoes a pseudo-Favorskii rearrangement in a 25% aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide, giving the dicarboxylic acid 6. The acid is decarboxylated with a modified Hunsdiecker reaction to a dibromide 7, which is reductively debrominated with tributyltin hydride to basketane (8) at a 11% yield relative to the starting material cyclohexa-1,3-diene.


 * [[Image:Synthesis_Basketane_(2).svg]]

A 1994 synthesis starts with homocubanone, a cubane derivative, forming basketane via the basketyl radical. The synthesis functions by forcing cubane rings to be opened up via structural strain to create the chemical bonds necessary for this rigid molecule. This method is known as ring expansion where one part of two conjoined ringed are opened and rearranged to remove barriers between the two ring systems. Cyclobutylmethyl radicals that rearrange and open into structures such as basketane and cubane are favorable rearrangements with free energy barriers around 0.3 kcal/mol.

Properties and reactions
The C-C-C and H-C-C bond angles in basketane and several other cages deviate from 109.5 degrees, i.e., they are strained rings. The strain energy is reflected in high heat of combustion.

Metal-catalyzed rearrangements
Transition metals catalyze the valence isomerization of basketane and substituted derivatives. Silver perchlorate catalyzes its isomerization to the compound snoutane.


 * [[Image:Synthesis_Snoutane.svg|228x228px]]

Other transition metals catalyze the formation of a snoutane derivative with a tricyclic diene. The ratio of the products depends on the nature of the catalyst used and the substitutions on the basketane.


 * [[Image:Basketane_-_transition_metal_catalyzed_isomerization.svg|359x359px]]

Basketane absorbs an equivalent amount of hydrogen gas in the presence of palladium on carbon, After some initial confusion, it was shown that the C3-C4 bond is hydrogenolyzed to give the dihydrobasketane tetracyclo[4.4.0.02,5.03,8]decane. Further hydrogenation cleaves the C5-C6 bond to give the hydrocarbon twistane.


 * [[Image:Hydrogenation_Basketan.svg|439x439px]]