Battle of Neretva (film)

Battle of Neretva (Bitka na Neretvi) is a 1969 Yugoslavian epic partisan film. Written by Stevan Bulajić and Veljko Bulajić, and directed by Veljko Bulajić, it is based on the true events of World War II. The Battle of the Neretva was due to a strategic plan for a combined Axis powers attack in 1943 against the Yugoslav Partisans. The plan was also known as the Fourth Enemy Offensive and occurred in the area of the Neretva river in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Battle of Neretva is the most expensive motion picture made in the SFR Yugoslavia. It was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film, the year after Sergei Bondarchuk (playing the role of Martin in Neretva) won the honour for War and Peace. The score for the English-speaking versions was composed by Bernard Herrmann. Its soundtrack was released by Entr'acte Recording Society in 1974. It was re-released on Southern Cross Records on CD.

One of the original posters for the English version of the movie was made by Pablo Picasso, which, according to Bulajić, the famous painter agreed to do without monetary payment, only requesting a case of the best Yugoslav wines.

Plot
The narrative unfolds against the backdrop of World War II in Yugoslavia, depicting the dynamics between German forces, Italian units, Chetniks (supporters of the Royal Yugoslav government), and Partisans (supporters of the People's Republic of Yugoslavia led by Tito).

The story begins with a German tank column advancing into Yugoslavia, while Partisan supporters march through the streets. Three siblings, Danica, Novak, and Vuko, are caught in the midst of the conflict. General Lohring briefs his commanders on battle plans, emphasizing the importance of attacking from the north.

The Partisans face fierce resistance, leading to retreat plans. They aim to cross the Neretva river to the east while rescuing the wounded and sick. Meanwhile, German and Italian forces intensify their attacks, leading to civilian casualties and refugee crises.

The narrative highlights the moral conflict within the Italian army, as Capitano Rossi questions their role as aggressors. Eventually, he defects to the Partisans. Battles ensue in Prozor and Jablanica, with successes and losses on both sides.

General Lohring seeks to annihilate the Partisans quickly, but they continue to evade capture. The destruction of the Neretva bridge bewilders the Germans, and they realise the Partisans are advancing north. Colonel Krenzer's division faces intense combat, while the Partisans prepare to encircle the Chetniks.

In a decisive battle at the old cemetery, many Partisans, including Danica and Novak, sacrifice their lives to encircle and force the surrender of the Chetniks. The Partisans retreat eastward, leaving heavy equipment behind. The journey is arduous, with many succumbing to exhaustion and illness along the way.

Production
Battle of Neretva was the first of a series of huge state-sponsored World War II film productions. It had a staggering budget approved by Yugoslav leader Josip Broz Tito. Different sources put it anywhere between $4.5 million and $12 million. Global stars such as Sergei Bondarchuk, Yul Brynner, Franco Nero, Orson Welles, etc. flocked to communist Yugoslavia attracted by the huge sums of money being offered.

Shot over 16 months with funds put up in largest part by over 58 self-managed companies in Yugoslavia, the movie featured a combined battalion of 10,000 Yugoslav People's Army (JNA) soldiers. Four villages and a fortress were constructed for the film and destroyed. Several JNA-inventory Soviet T-34 tanks, touched up to look like German Panzers, met the same fate. Even used several Yugoslavian planes Soko 522 like germans luftwaffe planes with Balkenkreuz on the wings.

A railway bridge over the Neretva in Jablanica was destroyed. Director Bulajić's justification for demolishing the bridge rather than getting the shots in studio was that it would become a tourist attraction. The bridge was thus blown but because none of the footage was usable due to the billowing smoke that made it impossible to see anything, it was decided that the bridge should be repaired and destroyed again. The problem with the excessive smoke occurred again and the scenes of the bridge being blown up in the film were shot using a table-size replica at a sound stage in Prague. The Yugoslav public was updated on the shooting progress via pieces in the country's print media.

Release
The film has been edited in to numerous versions. Runtimes vary by location, the regional prints also change the story due to edits that add or remove scenes:
 * North America: 106 minutes
 * Spanish: 113 minutes
 * European: 127 minutes
 * UK/Australia: 127 minutes
 * Germany and Croatia: 142 minutes each, although they are not the same print.
 * Serbia: 160 minutes

Most of the actors spoke their native language and subtitled in the original release. Afterwards the film was dubbed in English and distributed world-wide with subtitles for some scenes. The English dubbed versions, running between 106 and 127 minutes, were rescored by Bernard Hermann as the original film score by Vladmir Kraus Rajteric had been damaged in the redubbing process. However, the German and Croat-language releases contain the original score.

Reception
In 1999, a poll of Croatian film fans found it to be one of the best Yugoslavian films ever made.