Bear Creek (Rogue River tributary)

Bear Creek is the name of a stream located entirely within Jackson County, Oregon. The stream drains approximately 400 mi2 of the Rogue Valley and discharges an annual average of 114 cuft/s into the Rogue River. It begins near Emigrant Lake and travels 28.8 mi through the municipalities of Ashland, Talent, Phoenix, Medford, and Central Point.

History
Prior to the arrival of settlers in the 1850s, the Bear Creek Valley was home to three Indian tribes; these were the Takelmas, the Latgawas, and the Shastas. The scattered camps hunted deer and elk, fished for salmon, raided other tribes, and consumed plums, sunflowers, and root crops. When the area was originally settled, the stream was called Si-ku-ptat by the natives and may have been known as Stewart River by settlers.

Various forced migrations occurred during the 1850s in which almost all of the Native American inhabitants were displaced to Indian Reservations to stop their raids. This was completed by 1857. Farmers and ranchers continued to acquire land claims, and when the Oregon and California Railroad arrived in 1883, Bear Creek was chosen as the route to follow.

Geology
The Bear Creek watershed is a curved valley (actually part of the Rogue Valley) averaging about 13 mi wide and 28 mi long, covering approximately 361 mi2. The confluence with the Rogue River is in the northwestern tip of the valley. The highest point in the watershed is on Mount Ashland at an elevation of about 7500 ft. From there at least 83 streams in 21 sub-watersheds share a link with the greater Rogue River Basin.

The landscape surrounding the watershed has been carved by tectonic activity leaving steep canyons that are prone to flooding when snow melts in the spring. The slopes are part of the transition zone between volcanic soil and granitic soil covering much of Southern Oregon and Northern California and are prone to significant periods of erosion and runoff during high-flow periods. Furthermore, the elevation of the watershed at the point of confluence is about 1075 ft, and a significant amount of kinetic energy builds up over the first 5000 ft of drop. Historically, the landscape plays a large part in dispersing this energy but flooding has become a regular problem along the Bear Creek; several earlier bridges in the Rogue Valley have been wiped out during random flood events.