Bessey system

A system of plant taxonomy, the Bessey system was published by Charles Bessey in 1915.

Description
Bessey based his system on the tradition of de Candolle, Bentham and Hooker and Hallier. He was also influenced by Darwin and Wallace. He taught that taxonomy must be based on evolutionary principles. Like Wettstein he placed the Ranales at the origin of Angiospermae.

He considered Spermatophyta as having a polyphyletic origin, being composed by three different phyla, of which he only treated Anthophyta (syn.: Angiosperms). In that he used the same names for the subclasses of both monocotyledons and dicotyledons, this is contrary to contemporary rules on plant nomenclature that require names to be unique. However Bessey actually used a qualifying hyphenation (Alternifoliae-Strobiloideae and Oppositifoliae-Strobiloideae), a distinction not always recognised in reference to this scheme. With some modifications, most modern classifications - for example, those of Cronquist (1981, 1983, 1988), Takhtajan (1969, 1980, 1983, 1991), Stebbins (1974), R. Dahlgren (1975, 1980, 1983; R. Dahlgren et al. 1981; R. Dahlgren and F. N. Rasmussen 1983; R. Dahlgren and K. Bremer 1985; G. Dahlgren 1989), and Thorne (1976, 1981, 1983, 1992) - follow the Bessey tradition.

Summary

 * phylum Angiospermae
 * 1 classis Alternifoliae syn.:Monocotyledoneae
 * 2 classis Oppositifoliae syn.: Dicotyledoneae

Alternifoliae

 * 1 classis Alternifoliae syn.:Monocotyledoneae
 * 1 subclassis Alternifoliae-Strobiloideae
 * ordo Alismatales
 * Alismataceae
 * Butomaceae
 * Triuridaceae
 * Scheuchzeriaceae
 * Typhaceae
 * Sparganiaceae
 * Pandanaceae
 * Aponogetonaceae
 * Potamogetonaceae
 * ordo Liliales
 * Liliaceae
 * Stemonaceae
 * Pontederiaceae
 * Cyanastraceae
 * Philydraceae
 * Commelinaceae
 * Xyridaceae
 * Mayacaceae
 * Juncaceae
 * Eriocaulaceae as Eriocaulonaceae [sic]
 * Thurniaceae
 * Rapateaceae
 * Najadaceae as Naiadaceae [sic]
 * ordo Arales
 * Cyclanthaceae
 * Araceae
 * Lemnaceae
 * ordo Palmales
 * Palmae as Palmaceae [sic]
 * ordo Graminales
 * Restionaceae
 * Centrolepidaceae
 * Flagellariaceae
 * Cyperaceae
 * Poaceae
 * 2 subclassis Cotyloideae
 * ordo Hydrales
 * Vallisneriaceae syn.: Hydrocharitaceae
 * ordo Iridales
 * Amaryllidaceae
 * Haemodoraceae
 * Iridaceae
 * Velloziaceae
 * Taccaceae
 * Dioscoreaceae
 * Bromeliaceae
 * Musaceae
 * Zingiberaceae
 * Cannaceae
 * Marantaceae
 * ordo Orchidales
 * Burmanniaceae
 * Orchidaceae

Oppositifoliae

 * 2 classis Oppositifoliae syn.: Dicotyledoneae
 * 1 subclassis Oppositifoliae-Strobiloideae
 * 1 superordo Apopetalae-Polycarpellatae
 * ordo Ranales
 * Magnoliaceae
 * Calycanthaceae
 * Monimiaceae
 * Cercidiphyllaceae
 * Trochodendraceae
 * Leitneriaceae
 * Annonaceae as Anonaceae [sic]
 * Lactoridaceae
 * Gomortegaceae
 * Myristicaceae
 * Saururaceae
 * Piperaceae
 * Lacistemaceae
 * Chloranthaceae
 * Ranunculaceae
 * Lardizabalaceae
 * Berberidaceae
 * Menispermaceae
 * Lauraceae
 * Nelumbonaceae as Nelumbaceae [sic]
 * Cabombaceae
 * Ceratophyllaceae
 * Dilleniaceae
 * Winteraceae as Winteranaceae [sic]
 * ordo Malvales
 * Sterculiaceae
 * Malvaceae
 * Bombacaceae as Bombaceae [sic]
 * Scytopetalaceae
 * Chlaenaceae syn.: Sarcolaenaceae
 * Gonystylaceae
 * Tiliaceae
 * Elaeocarpaceae
 * Balanopaceae as Balanopsidaceae [sic]
 * Ulmaceae
 * Moraceae
 * Urticaceae
 * ordo Sarraceniales
 * Sarraceniaceae
 * Nepenthaceae
 * ordo Geraniales
 * Geraniaceae
 * Oxalidaceae
 * Tropaeolaceae
 * Balsaminaceae
 * Limnanthaceae
 * Linaceae
 * Humiriaceae
 * Rutaceae
 * Simaroubaceae as Simarubaceae [sic]
 * Burseraceae
 * Meliaceae
 * Malpighiaceae
 * Trigoniaceae
 * Vochysiaceae
 * Polygalaceae
 * Tremandraceae
 * Dichapetalaceae
 * Euphorbiaceae
 * Callitrichaceae
 * ordo Guttiferales
 * Theaceae
 * Cistaceae
 * Guttiferae as Guttiferaceae [sic]
 * Eucryphiaceae
 * Ochnaceae
 * Dipterocarpaceae
 * Caryocaraceae
 * Quiinaceae
 * Marcgraviaceae
 * Flacourtiaceae
 * Bixaceae
 * Cochlospermaceae
 * Violaceae
 * Malesherbiaceae
 * Turneraceae
 * Passifloraceae
 * Achariaceae
 * Caricaceae
 * Stachyuraceae
 * Koeberliniaceae
 * ordo Rhoeadales
 * Papaveraceae
 * Tovariaceae
 * Nymphaeaceae
 * Moringaceae
 * Resedaceae
 * Capparaceae as Capparidaceae [sic]
 * Brassicaceae
 * ordo Caryophyllales
 * Caryophyllaceae
 * Elatinaceae
 * Portulacaceae
 * Aizoaceae
 * Frankeniaceae
 * Tamaricaceae
 * Salicaceae
 * Podostemaceae as Podostemonaceae [sic]
 * Hydrostachyaceae as Hydrostachydaceae [sic]
 * Phytolaccaceae
 * Basellaceae
 * Amaranthaceae
 * Chenopodiaceae
 * Polygonaceae
 * Nyctaginaceae
 * Cynocrambaceae syn.: Theligonaceae
 * Bataceae as Batidaceae [sic]
 * 2 superordo Sympetalae-Polycarpellatae
 * ordo Ebenales
 * Sapotaceae
 * Ebenaceae
 * Symplocaceae
 * Styracaceae
 * Fouquieriaceae
 * ordo Ericales
 * Clethraceae
 * Ericaceae
 * Epacridaceae
 * Diapensiaceae
 * Pyrolaceae
 * Lennoaceae
 * ordo Primulales
 * Primulaceae
 * Plantaginaceae
 * Plumbaginaceae
 * Myrsinaceae
 * Theophrastaceae
 * 3 superordo Sympetalae-Dicarpellatae
 * ordo Gentianales
 * Oleaceae
 * Salvadoraceae
 * Loganiaceae
 * Gentianaceae
 * Apocynaceae
 * Asclepiadaceae
 * ordo Polemoniales
 * Polemoniaceae
 * Convolvulaceae
 * Hydrophyllaceae
 * Boraginaceae as Borraginaceae
 * Nolanaceae
 * Solanaceae
 * ordo Scrophulariales
 * 2 subclassis Cotyloideae
 * 1 superordo Apopetalae
 * ordo Rosales
 * Rosaceae
 * Malaceae
 * Prunaceae
 * Crossosomataceae
 * Connaraceae
 * Mimosaceae
 * Cassiaceae
 * Fabaceae
 * Saxifragaceae
 * Hydrangeaceae
 * Grossulariaceae
 * Crassulaceae
 * Droseraceae
 * Cephalotaceae
 * Pittosporaceae
 * Brunelliaceae
 * Cunoniaceae
 * Myrothamnaceae
 * Bruniaceae
 * Hamamelidaceae
 * Casuarinaceae
 * Eucommiaceae
 * Platanaceae
 * ordo Myrtales
 * Lythraceae
 * Sonneratiaceae
 * Punicaceae
 * Lecythidaceae
 * Melastomataceae
 * Myrtaceae
 * Combretaceae
 * Rhizophoraceae
 * Oenotheraceae
 * Halorrhagidaceae
 * Hippuridaceae
 * Cynomoriaceae
 * Aristolochiaceae
 * Rafflesiaceae
 * Hydnoraceae
 * ordo Loasales
 * Loasaceae
 * Cucurbitaceae
 * Begoniaceae
 * Datiscaceae
 * Ancistrocladaceae
 * ordo Cactales
 * Cactaceae
 * ordo Celastrales
 * Rhamnaceae
 * Vitaceae
 * Celastraceae
 * Buxaceae
 * Aquifoliaceae
 * Cyrillaceae
 * Pentaphylacaceae
 * Corynocarpaceae
 * Hippocrateaceae
 * Stackhousiaceae
 * Staphyleaceae
 * Geissolomataceae
 * Penaeaceae
 * Oliniaceae
 * Thymelaeaceae
 * Hernandiaceae
 * Elaeagnaceae
 * Myzodendraceae
 * Santalaceae
 * Opiliaceae
 * Grubbiaceae
 * Olacaceae
 * Loranthaceae
 * Balanophoraceae
 * ordo Sapindales
 * Sapindaceae
 * Hippocastanaceae
 * Aceraceae
 * Sabiaceae
 * Icacinaceae
 * Melianthaceae
 * Empetraceae
 * Coriariaceae
 * Anacardiaceae
 * Juglandaceae
 * Betulaceae
 * Fagaceae
 * Myricaceae
 * Julianaceae
 * Proteaceae
 * ordo Apiales as Umbellales
 * Araliaceae
 * Apiaceae
 * Cornaceae
 * 2 superordo Sympetalae
 * ordo Rubiales
 * Rubiaceae
 * Caprifoliaceae
 * Adoxaceae
 * Valerianaceae
 * Dipsacaceae
 * ordo Campanulales
 * Campanulaceae
 * Goodeniaceae
 * Stylidiaceae
 * Calyceraceae
 * ordo Asterales
 * Helianthaceae
 * Ambrosiaceae
 * Heleniaceae
 * Arctotidaceae
 * Calendulaceae
 * Inulaceae
 * Asteraceae
 * Vernoniaceae
 * Eupatoriaceae
 * Anthemidaceae
 * Senecionidaceae
 * Carduaceae
 * Mutisiaceae
 * Lactucaceae