Bikaner State



Bikaner State was a princely state in the Rajputana from 1465 to 1947. The founder of the state, Rao Bika, was the eldest son of Rao Jodha, ruler of Jodhpur. Rao Bika chose to build his own kingdom instead of inheriting his father's. Bika defeated the Jat clans of Jangladesh along with his uncle Rao Kandhal and his adviser Vikramji Rajpurohit and founded his own kingdom. Its capital was the city of Bikaner in the northern area of present-day Rajasthan State in India. Karni Mata has been designated as the kuldevi of the royal family of Bikaner.

The state was noted for the Bikaner style of painting.

Covering an area of 60391 km2, Bikaner State was the second largest state under the Rajputana Agency after Jodhpur State with a revenue of Rs.26,00,000 in 1901. Heeding the 1947 call of Vallabhbhai Patel to integrate the princely states into the new independent India, Bikaner's last king, Maharaja Sadul Singh, advised by his dewan K. M. Panikkar, a respected historian, was one of the first rulers of a princely state to display willingness to join the Indian Union. By issuing a public appeal in April 1947 to his fellow princes to join the Constituent Assembly of India, the Maharaja of Bikaner set an example for other heads of the native states to follow.

History
The state of Bikaner was founded in 1465. It became a British protectorate on 9 March 1818. They were accorded a 17 gun salute by the British authorities. Around the time of Indian Independence and the partition of India, the territory of the state of Bikaner came to share a border with Pakistan. The accession to the Indian Union was signed by the Maharaja on 7 August 1947.

Rulers
The rulers were Rathor Rajputs and related to the ruling family of Jodhpur.

Rao/Raja's

 * 1465 – 1504: Rao Bika
 * 1504 – 1505: Rao Nar Singh (Naro)
 * 1505 – 1526: Rao Lunkaran
 * 1526 – 1542: Rao Jait Singh
 * 1542 – 1571: Rao Kalyan Mal (acknowledged the suzerainty of Emperor Akbar)
 * 1571 – 1612: Rao / Raja Rai Singh (Important General in the Mughal army. Given title of Raja. From 1585 to 1594 he was employed in the Deccan by Emperor Akbar, where he was Subedar of Burhanpur)
 * 1612 – 1613: Raja Dalpat (Sur Singh revolted against his elder brother Dalpat and killed him along with his guards with the consent of Emperor Jahangir)
 * 1613 – 1631: Raja Sur Singh
 * 1631 – 1667: Raja Karan Singh(deposed by Aurangzeb and exiled to Karanapura in the Deccan)
 * 1667 – 1669: Interregnum

Maharajas

 * 1669 – 1698 Maharaja Anup Singh (First to be granted title of Maharaja by Emperor Aurangzeb)
 * 19 Jun 1698 – 15 December 1700: Maharaja Sarup Singh (b. 1689 – d. 1700)
 * 15 Dec 1700 – 16 December 1735: Maharaja Sujan Singh (b. 1690 – d. 1735)
 * 16 Dec 1735 – 15 May 1746: Maharaja Zorawar Singh (b. 1713 – d. 1746)
 * 15 May 1746 – 25 March 1787: Maharaja Gaj Singh (b. 1723 – d. 1787)
 * 25 Mar 1787 – 25 April 1787: Maharaja Raj Singh II (b. 1744 – d. 1787)
 * 25 Apr 1787 – 9 October 1787: Maharaja Pratap Singh (b. 1781 – d. 1787)
 * 25 Apr 1787 – 25 March 1828: Maharaja Surat Singh (Regent to 9 October 1787) (b. 1766 – d. 1828)
 * 25 Mar 1828 – 7 August 1851: Maharaja Ratan Singh (b. 1790 – d. 1851)
 * 7 August 1851 – 16 May 1872: Maharaja Sardar Sungh (b. 1818 – d. 1872)
 * 16 May 1872 – 19 August 1887: Maharaja Dungar Singh (b. 1854 – d. 1887)
 * 19 Aug 1887 – 2 February 1943: Maharaja Ganga Singh (b. 1880 – d. 1943) (from 24 July 1901, Sir Ganga Singh)
 * 19 Aug 1887 – 16 December 1898: the British Political Agents-Regent
 * 2 February 1943 – 15 August 1950: Maharaja Sadul Singh (b. 1902 – d. 1950) (since 1 January 1946, he was addressed as Sir Sadul Singh)

Titular Rulers

 * 1950 – 1971: Maharaja Karni Singh (Privy purses were withdrawn in 1971 and post & titles were also withdrawn)
 * 1988 – 2003: Maharaja Narendra Singh Bahadur
 * 2003 – 2022: Maharaja Raviraj Singh Bahadur
 * 2022 – present: Vacant

Dewans
The Dewans and Chief Ministers of the state were:
 * 1460–1465: Bothra Bachhraj (Mantri-Dewan / Jodhpur) / Rao Jodha
 * 1465–1505: Bothra Bachhraj (Founding Dewan / Bikaner) / Rao Bika
 * 1504–1526: Karam Singh Bothra Bachhawat (Descendants of Bachhraj were known as Bachhawats) / Rao Nar Singh and Rao Lunkaran
 * 1526–1535: Var Singh Bothra Bachhawat / Rao Jait Singh
 * 1535–1542: Nagraj Bothra Bachhawat / Rao Jait Singh and Rao Kalyan Mal
 * 1542–1571: Sangram Singh Bothra Bachhawat / Rao Kalyan Mal
 * 1571–1591: Mehta Karam Chand bothra Bachhawat (Title of Mehta granted by Emperor Akbar) / Rao Kalyan Mal and Raja Rai Singh
 * 1619–1620: Mehta Bhag Chand Bothra Bachhawat / Raja Sur Singh
 * 1619–1620: Mehta Lakshmi Chand Bothra Bachhawat / Raja Sur Singh
 * 17.. – 26 February 1733: Anand Ram Khawas (d. 1733)
 * 1735 – Feb 1751: Mohata Bakhtawar Singh (1st time) (b. 1707 – d. 1779)
 * Feb 1751 – 1752: Amar Singh Chaturbhujani
 * 1752 – 1756: Mohata Bakhtawar Singh (2nd time) (s.a.)
 * 1756 – Dec 1757: Mohata Prithvi Singh
 * 1757 – 1762: Mohata Bakhtawar Singh (3rd time) (s.a.)
 * 1762 – Sep 1765: Shah Mool Chand Bardiya
 * Sep 1765 – 1779: Mohata Bakhtawar Singh (4th time) (s.a.)
 * 1779 – 178.: Mohata Swaroop Singh
 * 178. – 1787: Mohata Thakursi
 * 1787 – 1791: Mohata Madho Rai
 * 1791 – 1794: Pratap Mal Baid
 * 1794 – 1805: Mohata Rao Sahib Singh Gun Roop
 * Apr 1805 – Apr 1815: Amar Chand Surana
 * Apr 1815 – Feb 1816: Mohata Bhom ji
 * Feb 1816 – 1828: Abhai Singh Mohta
 * 1828 – 184.: Hindu Mal Baid
 * c. 1841: Sri Narayan Singh Bhati
 * 1844 – 1852?: Sarana Shri Lakshmichand
 * 1852 – 1853: Guman Singh Baid (1st time)
 * 1853 – 1853: Leeladhar Mohata + Jalam Chand Kochar
 * 1853 – 1854: Lachhi Ram Rakhecha
 * 1854 – 1856: Guman Singh Baid (2nd time)
 * 1856: Pandit Dojainant
 * 1856 – 1863: Ram Lal Dwarkani (1st time)
 * 1864 – 1865: Guman Singh Baid (3rd time)
 * 1865 – 1866: Ram Lal Dwarkani (2nd time)
 * 1866: Man Mal Rakhecha
 * 1866 (3 months): Sheo Lal Nahata
 * 1867 (15 days): Fateh Chand Surana
 * 1867: Ganga Ram Purohit
 * 1867: Shah Mal Kochar
 * 1868: Man Mal Rakhecha
 * 1868: Sheo Lal Mohata
 * 1868: Lakshmi Chand Nahata
 * Jun 1868 – Aug 1869: Visayat Hussain
 * Aug 1869 – 13 December 1873: Pandit Manphool
 * Dec 1873 – 188.: Maharaj Lal Singh
 * 188. – 1884?: Maharao Hari Singh Baid
 * 1884 – 11 October 1888: Amin Muhammad
 * 12 Dec 1888 – 1896: Sodhi Hukam Singh
 * 1896 – 1898: Raghubar Singh Chauhan
 * 1898 – 1903: Hamidu Zafar Khan
 * 1903 – 1916: Post abolished

Chief ministers

 * 1916 – 19..: Shri Bhairon Singh
 * 7 September 1920 – Jan 1925: Prince Kunwar Sardul Singh (s.a.)

Dewans
The post of Dewan was reinstated in 1927.
 * 1927 – 1934: Manubhai Nandshankar Mehta (b. 1868 – d. 1946)
 * 3 October 1932 – 31 October 1934: Ram Prasad Dube (acting)
 * 1 November 1934 – Jan 1936: Maharaj Shri Bhairun Singh
 * Jan 1936 – Dec 1936: Thakur Sadul Singh
 * Dec 1936 – 1938?: V.N. Mehta
 * Dec 1938 – Jul 1939: Kailash Narain Haksar (b. 1878 – d. 1954)
 * Jul 1939 – 1944?: Sire Mal Bapna (b. 1882 – d. 1964)
 * 1944 – 13 March 1948: Kavalam Madhava Panikkar (b. 1895 – d. 1963)
 * 14 March 1948 – Oct 1948: Kanwar Jaswant Singh
 * Oct 1948 – 30 March 1949: C. S. Venkatachar (b. 1899 – d. 1999)

Family tree of the rulers of Bikaner

 * Simple gold crown.svg I. Rao Bikaji, of Bikaner (1438–1504; Rai: 1488; r. 1465–1504)
 * Simple gold crown.svg II.Rao Naroji, of Bikaner (1468–1505; r. 1504–1505)
 * Simple gold crown.svg III.Rao Lunkaraji, of Bikaner (1470–1526; r. 1505–1526)
 * Simple gold crown.svg IV. Rao Jetaji, of Bikaner (1489–1542; r. 1526–1542)
 * Simple silver crown.svg V.Rao Kalyan Mal, of Bikaner (1519–1574; r. 1542–1574)
 * Simple silver crown.svg VI. Rai Singh I, Raja of Bikaner (1541–1612; r. 1574–1612)
 * Simple silver crown.svg VII. Dalpat Singh, Rai of Bikaner (1565–1613; r. 1612–1613)
 * Simple silver crown.svg VIII. Sur Singh, Raja of Bikaner (1594–1631; r. 1613–1631)
 * Simple silver crown.svg IX. Karan Singh, Raja of Bikaner (1616–1669; r. 1631–1667)
 * Simple silver crown.svg X. Anup Singh, Maharaja of Bikaner (1638–1698; r. 1667–1698; Rao: 1667; Maharaja: 1675)
 * Simple silver crown.svg XI. Sarup Singh, Maharaja of Bikaner (1689–1700; r. 1698–1700)
 * Simple silver crown.svg XII. Sujjan Singh, Maharaja of Bikaner (1690–1735; r. 1700–1735)
 * Simple silver crown.svg XIII. Zorawar Singh, Maharaja of Bikaner (1713–1746; r. 1735–1746)
 * Anand Singh
 * Simple silver crown.svg XIV. Gaj Singh, Maharaja of Bikaner (1723–1787; r. 1746–1787)
 * Simple silver crown.svg XV. Raj Singh II, Maharaja of Bikaner (1744–1787; r. 1787)
 * Simple silver crown.svg XVI. Pratap Singh, Maharaja of Bikaner (1781–1787; r. 1787)
 * Simple silver crown.svg XVII. Surat Singh, Maharaja of Bikaner (1765–1828; r. 1787–1828)
 * Simple silver crown.svg XVIII. Ratan Singh, Maharaja of Bikaner (1790–1851; r. 1828–1851)
 * Simple silver crown.svg XIX. Sardar Singh, Maharaja of Bikaner (1818–1872; r. 1851–1872)
 * Chhatar Singh (1762–1779)
 * Dalel Singh
 * Sagat Singh
 * Lall Singh (1831–1887)
 * Simple silver crown.svg XX. Dungar Singh, Maharaja of Bikaner (1854–1887; r. 1872–1887)
 * Simple silver crown.svg XXI. Ganga Singh, Maharaja of Bikaner GCSI, GCIE, GCVO, GBE, KCB (1880–1943; r. 1887–1943)
 * Simple silver crown.svg XXII. Sadul Singh, Maharaja of Bikaner GCSI, GCIE, CVO (1902–1950; r. 1943–1949; titular ruler: 1949–1950)
 * XXIII. Karni Singh, Maharaja of Bikaner (1924–1988; titular Maharaja: 1950–1971; family head: 1971–1988)
 * XXIV. Narendra Singh, Maharaja of Bikaner (1946–2003; family head: 1988–2003)
 * Amar Singh (1925–2007)
 * Chandra Shekhar Singh (b. 1948)
 * XXV. Ravi Raj Singh, Maharaja of Bikaner (1977–2022; family head: 2003–2022)

Orders of chivalry
The Royal House of Bikaner awards two dynastic orders, the Order of the Star of Honour and the Order of Vikram Star. Maharaja Ganga Singh established the Order of the Star of Honour in six grades in order to "mark his golden jubilee on the throne". The Order of the Vikram Star was established in 1944 by Maharaja Sadul Singh of Bikaner in five grades "to recognize services to the state." The first grade (Grand Commander) includes a cordon with jewel, along with a breast star. The breast star features "Twelve alternate petals of gold and silver overlapping and radiating from a central motif showing the Goddess Karni blessing Rao Bikaji who is standing with lance in hand next to his horse." A red enamelled diamond in the center of the breast star, which is surrounded by a wreath, contains the inscription in the Devanagari script Shri Karni Aasisadi Bikatothirraj (Blessing by Karni Mati for his Perpetual Rule).