Biofloc Technology

Biofloc technology (BFT) is a system of aquaculture that uses "microbial biotechnology to increase the efficacy and utlization of fish feeds, where toxic materials, such as nitrogen components, are treated and converted to a useful product, like proteins, for use as supplementary feeds for the fish and crustaceans." The species of fish and crustaceans must be carefully chosen in order for the BFT system to realize its full potential.

History
The first BFT was developed in the 1970s at Ifremer-COP (French Research Institute for Exploitation of the Sea, Oceanic Center of Pacific) with Penaeus monodon, Fenneropenaeus merguiensis, Litopenaeus vannamei, and L. stylirostris. Israel and USA (Waddell Mariculture Center) also started Research and Development with Tilapia and L. vannamei in the late 1980s and 1990s.

Commercial application started at a farm in Tahiti (French Polynesia) in 1988 using 1000m2 concrete tanks with limited water exchange achieving a record of 20–25 tons/ha/year in 2 crops. A farm located in Belize, Central America also produced around 11-26 tons/ha/cycle using 1.6 ha poly-lined ponds. Another farm located in Maryland, USA also produced 45-ton shrimp per year using ~570 m3 indoor greenhouse BFT race-ways. BFT has been successfully practiced in large-scale shrimp and finfish farms in Asia, Latin, and Central America, the USA, South Korea, Brazil, Italy, China, India, and others. However, research on BFT by Universities and Research Centers are refining BFT for farm application in grow-out culture, feeding technology, reproduction, microbiology, biotechnology, and economics.

The role of microorganisms
Microorganisms play a vital role in feeding and maintaining the overall health of cultured animals. The flocs of bacteria (biofloc) are a nutrient-rich source of proteins and lipids, providing food for the fish throughout the day. The water column shows a complex interaction between living microbes, planktons, organic matter, substrates, and grazers, such as rotifers, ciliates, protozoa and copepods which serves as a secondary source of food. The combination of these particulate matters keeps the recycling of nutrients and maintains the water quality.

The consumption of floc by cultured organisms has proven to increase the immunity and growth rate, decrease feed conversion ratio, and reduce the overall cost of production. The growth promotional factors have been attributed to both bacteria and plankton, where up to 30% of the total food is compensated in shrimp.

Species compatibility
In BFT, there is a species compatibility norm for culturing. To improve growth performance, the candidate species must be resistant to high stocking density; Population density, adjust to fluctuations in dissolved oxygen (3–6 mg/L), settling solids (10–15 mL/L) and total ammonia compounds, and have omnivorous habits or the ability to consume microbial protein.