Boris Godunov (play)

Boris Godunov (Борис Годунов, Borís Godunóv; variant title: Драматическая повесть, Комедия o настоящей беде Московскому государству, o царе Борисе и о Гришке Отрепьеве, A Dramatic Tale, The Comedy of the Distress of the Muscovite State, of Tsar Boris, and of Grishka Otrepyev) is a closet play by Alexander Pushkin. It was written in 1825, published in 1831, but not approved for performance by the censor until 1866. Its subject is the Russian ruler Boris Godunov, who reigned as Tsar from 1598 to 1605. It consists of 25 scenes and is written predominantly in blank verse.

Modest Mussorgsky's opera, Boris Godunov (1874), is based on this play.

Composition
Having finished the play, Pushkin famously wrote to his friend Pyotr Vyazemsky: "What a Pushkin, what a son of a bitch!".

Pushkin wrote of the play: "The study of Shakespeare, Karamzin, and our old chronicles gave me the idea of clothing in dramatic forms one of the most dramatic epochs of our history. Not disturbed by any other influence, I imitated Shakespeare in his broad and free depictions of characters, in the simple and careless combination of plots; I followed Karamzin in the clear development of events; I tried to guess the way of thinking and the language of the time from the chronicles. Rich sources! Whether I was able to make the best use of them, I don't know – but at least my labors were zealous and conscientious."

Saint Petersburg premiere
The first performance took place on 17 September 1870 at the Mariinsky Theatre in Saint Petersburg, given by the artists of the Aleksandrinsky Theatre. Production personnel included Aleksandr Yablochkin (regisseur), and Matvey Shishkov (scene designer). The cast included Leonid Leonidov (Boris) [?], Vasiliy Samoylov (the False Dmitriy), Pyotr Grigoryev (Pimen), Yelena Struyskaya (Marina), and Pyotr Zubrov (Shuysky).

Moscow premiere
The Moscow premiere took place on 19 November 1880 at the Maliy Theatre. Production personnel included Sergey Chernevsky (regisseur). The cast included Nikolay Vilde (Boris), Aleksandr Lensky (the False Dmitriy), Ivan Samarin (Pimen), Maria Yermolova (Marina), Osip Pravdin (Shuysky), and Mikhail Lentovsky (Basmanov).

Later productions
Vsevolod Meyerhold attempted a staging of the play in the 1930s. Meyerhold commissioned Sergei Prokofiev to write incidental music for his production, but when Meyerhold abandoned it under political pressure, the score was abandoned as well.

The original, uncensored play did not receive a première until April 12, 2007, at Princeton University in the United States, and then only in an English translation. This production was based on Meyerhold's design and featured Prokofiev's music, together with supplemental music by Peter Westergaard. Chester Dunning, Caryl Emerson, and Sergei Fomichev's The Uncensored Boris Godunov seeks to rescue Pushkin's play from obscurity.

The Royal Shakespeare Company staged the British premiere of the original 1825 edition at Stratford on Avon in the autumn of 2012. The play had been translated into English by Adrian Mitchell.

Characters

 * Boris Godunov, boyar, later Tsar
 * Fyodor, his son
 * Kseniya, his daughter
 * Kseniya's Nurse
 * Prince Shuyskiy, boyar
 * Prince Vorotinskiy, boyar
 * Shchelkalov, Secretary of the Duma
 * Pimen, monk and chronicler
 * Grigoriy Otrepyev, monk, later Dmitriy, the Pretender
 * Patriarch, Abbot of the Chudov Monastery.
 * Misail, wandering monk
 * Varlaam, wandering monk
 * Afanasiy Mikhailovich Pushkin, friend of Prince Shuyskiy
 * Gabriel Pushkin, his nephew
 * Semyon Nikitich Godunov, secret agent of Boris Godunov
 * Prince Kurbsky, disgraced boyar
 * Khrushchov, disgraced boyar
 * Karela, a Cossack
 * Prince Vishnevetskiy
 * Mniszech, Voyevoda of Sambor
 * Marina, his daughter
 * Ruzya, her chambermaid
 * Basmanov, a Russian officer
 * Marzharet, officer of Boris
 * Rozen, officer of Boris
 * Mosalskiy, boyar
 * Hostess of the Inn
 * Boyars, People, Peasants, Inspectors, Officers, Attendants, Guests, a Catholic Priest, a Polish Noble, a Poet, an Idiot, a Beggar, Gentlemen, Guards, Soldiers, Ladies, Gentleman, Boys, Servants

Synopsis

 * Scene 1 – Kremlin Palaces
 * Scene 2 – Red Square
 * Scene 3 – Novodevichiy Monastery
 * Scene 4 – Kremlin Palaces
 * Scene 5 – Night; A Cell in the Chudov Monastery
 * Scene 6 – The Fence of the Monastery (Note: Deleted from the published drama)
 * Scene 7 – Palaces of the Patriarch
 * Scene 8 – The Tsar's Palaces
 * Scene 9 – An Inn on the Lithuanian Border
 * Scene 10 – Moscow; The Home of Shuyskiy
 * Scene 11 – The Tsar's Palaces
 * Scene 12 – Kraków; The Home of Vishnevetskiy
 * Scene 13 – Castle of the Voyevoda Mniszech in Sambor (Note: also deleted from many editions)
 * Scene 14 – A Suite of Lighted Rooms
 * Scene 15 – Night; A Garden; A Fountain
 * Scene 16 – The Lithuanian Frontier
 * Scene 17 – The Tsar's Duma
 * Scene 18 – Plain near Novgorod-Seversk
 * Scene 19 – Square before a Cathedral in Moscow
 * Scene 20 – Sevsk
 * Scene 21 – A Forest
 * Scene 22 – Moscow; The Tsar's Palaces
 * Scene 23 – A Tent
 * Scene 24 – Lobnoye Mesto (Red Square)
 * Scene 25 – The Kremlin; The House of Boris

Historical basis
A familiarity with the historical events surrounding the Time of Troubles – the interregnum period of relative anarchy following the end of the Rurik Dynasty (1598) and preceding the Romanov Dynasty (1613) – may facilitate an understanding of the play. Key events are as follows:


 * 1584 – Ivan IV "The Terrible", the first Grand Prince of Muscovy to use the title Tsar (Caesar), dies. Ivan's successor is his retiring and politically feeble son Fyodor, now Fyodor I, who cares mostly for spiritual matters, and leaves the affairs of state to his capable brother-in-law, boyar Boris Godunov, now de facto regent.
 * 1591 – Ivan's other son Dmitriy dies under mysterious circumstances in Uglich. An investigation, ordered by Godunov and carried out by Prince Vasiliy Shuyskiy, determines that the Tsarevich, while playing with a knife, had an epileptic seizure, fell, and died from a self-inflicted wound to the throat. Dmitriy's mother, Maria Nagaya, exiled with him to Uglich by Godunov, claims he was assassinated. Rumors linking Boris to the crime are circulated by his enemies.
 * 1598 – Tsar Fyodor I dies. He is virtually the last representative of the Ryurik Dynasty that has ruled Russia for seven centuries. Patriarch Job of Moscow nominates Boris to succeed Fyodor I as Tsar, despite the rumors that Boris ordered the murder of Dmitriy. Boris agrees to ascend the throne only if elected by the Zemskiy Sobor. This the assembly does unanimously, and Boris is crowned the same year.
 * 1604 – A pretender to the throne appears, claiming to be Tsarevich Dmitriy, but believed to be the False Dmitriy Grigoriy Otrepyev. He gains the support of the Polish aristocracy, and, obtaining a force of soldiers, he marches on Moscow. Crossing into Russia, Dmitriy's invasion force is joined by disaffected Cossacks. However, after a few victories, it loses momentum.
 * 1605 – Boris dies of unknown causes. He is succeeded by his son Fyodor, now Fyodor II. The death of Boris gives new life to the campaign of the False Dmitriy, who enters Moscow. Boyars who flock to his side murder Fyodor II and his mother.
 * 1606 – False Dmitriy I is murdered, and is succeeded by Vasiliy Shuyskiy, now Vasiliy IV.
 * 1610 – Vasiliy IV is deposed, and dies two years later in a Polish prison. Another pretender claiming to be Dmitriy Ivanovich, False Dmitriy II, is murdered.
 * 1612 – Yet a third pretender, False Dmitriy III, is captured and executed.
 * 1613 – The Time of Troubles comes to a close with the accession of Mikhail Romanov, son of Fyodor Romanov, who had been persecuted under Boris Godunov's reign.

The culpability of Boris in the matter of Dmitriy's death can neither be proven nor disproved. Karamzin, the historian to whom the drama is dedicated, accepted it as fact and Pushkin himself assumed it was true, at least for the purpose of creating a tragedy in the mold of Shakespeare. Modern historians, however, tend to acquit Boris of the crime.

Stage designs
The following gallery depicts the scene designs created by Matvey Shishkov for the first performance of the drama in 1870 at the Mariinsky Theatre, Saint Petersburg, Russia.