Boris Savinkov

Boris Viktorovich Savinkov (Бори́с Ви́кторович Са́винков; 31 January 1879 – 7 May 1925) was a Russian writer and revolutionary. As one of the leaders of the SR Combat Organization, the paramilitary wing of the Socialist Revolutionary Party, Savinkov was involved in the assassinations of several high-ranking imperial officials in 1904 and 1905.

After the February Revolution of 1917, he became Assistant Minister of War (in office from July to August 1917) in the Provisional Government. After the October Revolution of the same year, he organized armed resistance against the ruling Bolsheviks.

In 1921 he wrote, "The Russian people do not want Lenin, Trotsky and Dzerzhinsky, not merely because the Bolsheviks mobilize them, shoot them, take their grain and are ruining Russia. The Russian people do not want them for the simple reason that .... nobody elected them."

Savinkov emigrated from Soviet Russia in 1920, but on August 16, 1924 he was arrested in Minsk, along with Lyubov Efimovna Dikgof and her husband A. A. Dikgof. The OGPU, with the help of agent Andrei Fedorov (who had gained the confidence of Savinkov) lured him back to the Soviet Union as part of a Syndicate-2 operation. He was either killed in prison or committed suicide.

Young years
Savinkov was born in Kharkov (Kharkiv), the son of a judge in Warsaw. In 1897 he entered the law department of St. Petersburg University but was expelled in 1899 because of participation in students' riots. Later he studied in Berlin and Heidelberg. From 1898 he was a member of various socialist organizations. In 1901 he was arrested and sent to exile to Vologda. He served the exile with some prominent Russian intellectuals including Nikolai Berdyaev and Anatoly Lunacharsky. However, he became disappointed with Marxism and shifted to terrorism. In 1903 Savinkov escaped abroad and joined the Socialist Revolutionary Party, where he soon became Deputy Head of its Combat Organization under Yevno Azef.

Socialist Revolutionary Party
In 1906, he was arrested and sentenced to death for his assassination of Vyacheslav von Plehve, the Russian Minister of Interior, and for participation in the bombing death of Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich of Russia. However, he escaped from his prison cell in Odessa - reportedly because a warden agreed to exchange clothes with him, and he walked out, unchallenged, while the warden was arrested and hanged. He left the Russian Empire to avoid recapture. When Azef was exposed as a mole for the Okhrana in 1908, Savinkov was promoted to leader of the SR Fighting Organization, which by now was no longer strong enough to conduct any serious operations. While in France Savinkov volunteered in the French Army during World War I. In April 1917, several months after the February Revolution, he returned to Russia, and in July became Deputy War Minister under Alexander Kerensky. On 30 August, however, he resigned from his post and was expelled from the Socialist Revolutionary Party due to his role in the attempted coup against Prime Minister Kerensky by General Lavr Kornilov.

Civil war
Savinkov remained in Russia after the October Revolution and organised a new counter-revolutionary organisation called the Union for the Defense of the Motherland and Freedom, whose headquarters were at 4 Molochny Alley in Moscow, where his deputy Dr. Grigoriev maintained a medical establishment as a façade.

Savinkov, a leader of the Union for the Defense of the Motherland and Freedom, managed the organisation of several armed uprisings against the Bolsheviks, the most notable being in Yaroslavl, Rybinsk, and Murom in July 1918. Savinkov returned to France after these uprisings were crushed by the Red Army. There, he held various posts in the Russian emigre societies and was Admiral Aleksandr Kolchak's primary representative in Paris. During the Polish-Soviet War of 1919–1920, he moved to Poland, where he formed a Russian political organisation responsible for the formation of several infantry divisions and cavalry units out of the former Red Army PoWs. Together with Merezhkovsky, he published in Warsaw a newspaper entitled "For Freedom!" («За свободу!»).

Once the Polish-Soviet War concluded in October 1921, Polish authorities sent Savinkov out of the country in order not to cause further friction with the Soviets.

Trust Operation and death
He was an acquaintance of Sidney Reilly, the legendary renegade British agent, and was involved in a number of counter-revolutionary plots against the Bolsheviks, sometimes collaborating with the British Secret Intelligence Service (SIS). These efforts were effectively undermined by the Trust Operation implemented by the Soviet security agency OGPU. Savinkov was lured into the USSR to meet with false conspirators and was consequently arrested. The USSR Supreme Court sentenced him to death but the Presidium of VTsIK converted the sentence to 10 years imprisonment. During his trial, Savinkov declared that he recognized the Bolsheviks and assumed his defeat. While imprisoned, he wrote satirical stories about white émigrés and was allowed to see them published in Moscow. According to the NKVD, he committed suicide by jumping from a window in the Lubyanka prison, in Moscow. However, according to modern publications by Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn and others, Savinkov was killed in prison by OGPU officers. Semyon Ignatyev wrote at the time of the Doctors' Plot that Stalin complained that the MGB was too humane in its interrogation of prisoners exclaiming, "Do you want to be more humanistic than Lenin, who ordered Dzerzhinsky to throw Savinkov out a window?" (Lenin had been already dead for several months by the time Savinkov returned to Russia.)

Personality and Ideology
Ilya Ehrenburg, who met Savinkov in Paris in 1916, wrote that: "Never before had I met so incomprehensible and frightening a man. His face was startling because of his Mongolian cheekbones and his eyes, now sad, now extremely cruel; he often closed them, and his lids were heavy... In reality, Savinkov no longer believed in anything. Once he told me that it was the Azef affair that broke him. Up to the very end he had believed the agent provocateur to be a hero... Savinkov turned to writing mediocre novels revealing the inner emptiness of a terrorist who has lost faith in his cause."

While initially a Socialist in his younger years, Savinkov gradually shifted to the right after 1900. Throughout his life, Savinkov was a fervent republican who was violently opposed to the Tsardom. In his 1920 pamphlet On The Way to a "Third" Russia, Savinkov advocated for the transformation of Russia into a federal peasant republic centered around small-scale land ownership, claiming the peasants and their attachment to the land was the foundation of Russian society. In contradiction to his near-reverence for them in his writings however, Savinkov was also often critical of the Russian peasantry, believing them to be uneducated, gullible, and too susceptible to Bolshevism. Savinkov often touted democracy as a core tenet of his ideology, but was opposed to democratic procedures such as elections or a parliament, calling them "gutless".

Savinkov admired Benito Mussolini, praising his nationalist and anti-Communist policies and meeting personally with him several times with the hope of gaining Italian support in his counter-revolutionary plots. Savinkov believed that Fascist Italy was fundamentally democratic as it derived its support from the Italian peasantry. In his final letter written 2 days before his death, Savinkov admitted that fascism was the most “psychologically and ideologically close” to his own views.

Legacy
Boris Savinkov wrote several books. His most famous are two autobiographies: Memoirs of a Terrorist, and the loosely autobiographical novel The Pale Horse. Savinkov's works raised huge controversy among the SRs, with many of them disclaimed as "spoofs" on terrorism.

In Poland, one of the streets in the Praga Północ district was named after Boris Savinkov since 2017, replacing the streets former name referring to the Polish volunteers in the Spanish Civil War (Dąbrowszczacy, named after a communard leader Jarosław Dąbrowski), due to a law forbidding promotion of communism and other totalitarian ideologies. This change was seemed as controversial among some far-left circles, due to Savinkov's ties to White Russia, and the street's name was changed back to Dąbrowszczacy street in 2019.

Films

 * Karen Shakhnazarov directed a 2004 film entitled The Rider Named Death based on Savinkov's autobiographical fiction, The Pale Horse.

Television

 * Savinkov was played by Clive Merrison in the 1983 BBC miniseries Reilly: Ace of Spies.

Works

 * The Pale Horse (novel), 1909 (English edition 1919, online), Конь бледный (Kon' blednyj) - published under the pseudonym "V. Ropshin"
 * What Never Happened: A Novel of The Revolution, 1912 (English edition 1917, online), То, чего не было (To, chego ne bylo) - published under the pseudonym "V. Ropshin"
 * Memoirs of a Terrorist, 1917 (English edition 1931), Воспоминания террориста (Vospominanija terrorista)
 * On The Path to a "Third" Russia, 1920 (Russian edition 1920), На пути к "Третьей" России (Na puti k "Tret'yey" Rossii)
 * The Black Horse (novel), 1924 (Russian edition 1923), Конь вороной (Kon' voronoj)
 * In the prison (novel), 1924 (Russian edition 1924), В тюрьме: Посмертный рассказ (V t'urme: posmernyi rasskaz)
 * In France during the war (collection of articles ), 1917 (Russian edition 1917), Во Франции во время войны (Vo Francii vo vremia voiny) - published under the pseudonym "V. Ropshin"


 * Why I Recognized Soviet Power? (collection of articles ), 1924 (Russian edition 1924), Почему я признал Советскую власть? (Pochemu ja priynal sovetskuju vlast?)
 * "Boris Savinkov's Letter to Felix Dzerzhinsky", in The Russian Review, Vol. 29, No. 3 (July 1970), pp. 325–327