Brusquembille

Brusquembille or Briscambille is a historical, French, 3-card trick-and-draw game for two to five players using a 32-card piquet pack. The game has variable trumps. Side-payments are made for keeping or winning aces and tens.

The Brusquembille rules published in 1718 are the earliest surviving French rules of an ace–ten card game. Cards have precisely the same card-point values as in a number of modern games such as Skat.

History
According to David Parlett, Brusquembille was first described in the 1718 edition of Académie Universelle des Jeux. Taking the first description and the 1721 Dutch reprint at face value, tens ranked between jacks and nines in terms of trick-taking power. The 1730 edition already puts them between aces and kings. The descriptions of the game generally ended with a paragraph that remarked on the unclear etymology of its name. It may be related in some way to the comedian Jean Gracieux (died 1634 in Paris), whose stage name was Bruscambille.

Briscola, a close relative of Brusquembille without the side-payments and played with a full Italian pack, is still very popular in the south of Europe. But the family of ace–ten card games, of which Brusquembille is the earliest known representative, has gradually adopted numerous innovations such as "marriages" between king and queen of trumps, jacks and or queens as fixed trumps, widows, and various bidding and auction mechanisms. These have turned it into a multifaceted family, containing highly successful games such as Skat, Pinochle, Sixty-six, Klaberjass and Belote.

Basic game mechanism
Eldest hand leads to the first trick. Players need not follow suit, but may play any card. The trick is won by the player who played the highest trump, or if no trump was played by the player who played the highest card of the suit led. So long as the stock is not empty, the winner of the trick takes a card from the stock to fill up his or her hand, and the other players do the same. In any case the winner of a trick leads to the next trick.

When trick-play is over, players count the card-points in the tricks they have won. The player who has the most card-points wins the deal.

Scoring and side payments
Before the deal each player pays an agreed number of chips into the pot. The winner of the deal receives the pot.

The aces and tens are called the brusquembilles. Apart from making up more than 2/3 of the card-points between them, they also give rise to side-payments. A player who wins a trick with an ace receives two chips from every opponent, and a player who played an ace but lost it pays two chips to every opponent. The same principle applies for tens, but only with a single chip. For a partnership game the rule is adapted in a meaningful way.

Later additions to the rules

 * The winner of the first trick has the right to exchange a trump from his or her hand with the turned-up card.
 * In the last three tricks players have to follow suit.
 * A trick without any card-points is still worth one point.

Literature

 * Académie Universelle des Jeux, Legras, Paris 1718, p. 127–131.
 * Plus Nouvelle Académie Universelle des Jeux, Leiden 1721, p. 127–130.
 * Académie Universelle des Jeux, Legras, Paris 1725, p. 145–152.