Calculus (disambiguation)

Calculus (from Latin calculus meaning ‘pebble’, plural calculī) in its most general sense is any method or system of calculation.

Calculus may refer to:

Biology

 * Calculus (spider), a genus of the family Oonopidae
 * Caseolus calculus, a genus and species of small land snails

Mathematics

 * Infinitesimal calculus (or simply calculus), which investigates motion and rates of change
 * Differential calculus
 * Integral calculus
 * Non-standard calculus, an approach to infinitesimal calculus using Robinson's infinitesimals
 * Calculus of sums and differences (difference operator), also called the finite-difference calculus, a discrete analogue of "calculus"
 * Functional calculus, a way to apply various types of functions to operators
 * Schubert calculus, a branch of algebraic geometry
 * Tensor calculus (also called tensor analysis), a generalization of vector calculus that encompasses tensor fields
 * Vector calculus (also called vector analysis), comprising specialized notations for multivariable analysis of vectors in an inner-product space
 * Matrix calculus, a specialized notation for multivariable calculus over spaces of matrices
 * Numerical calculus (also called numerical analysis), the study of numerical approximations
 * Umbral calculus, the combinatorics of certain operations on polynomials
 * The calculus of variations, a field of study that deals with extremizing functionals
 * Itô calculus An extension of calculus to stochastic processes.

Logic

 * Logical calculus, a formal system that defines a language and rules to derive an expression from premises
 * Propositional calculus, specifies the rules of inference governing the logic of propositions
 * Predicate calculus, specifies the rules of inference governing the logic of predicates
 * Proof calculus, a framework for expressing systems of logical inference
 * Sequent calculus, a proof calculus for first-order logic
 * Cirquent calculus, a proof calculus based on graph-style structures called cirquents
 * Situation calculus, a framework for describing relations within a dynamic system
 * Event calculus, a model for reasoning about events and their effects
 * Fluent calculus, a model for describing relations within a dynamic system
 * Calculus of relations, the manipulation of binary relations with the algebra of sets, composition of relations, and transpose relations
 * Epsilon calculus, a logical language which replaces quantifiers with the epsilon operator
 * Fitch-style calculus, a method for constructing formal proofs used in first-order logic
 * Modal μ-calculus, a common temporal logic used by formal verification methods such as model checking

Medicine

 * Calculus (dental), deposits of calcium phosphate salts on teeth, also known as tartar
 * Calculus (medicine), a stone formed in the body such as a gall stone or kidney stone

Physics

 * Bondi k-calculus, a method used in relativity theory
 * Jones calculus, used in optics to describe polarized light
 * Mueller calculus, used in optics to handle Stokes vectors, which describe the polarization of incoherent light
 * Operational calculus, used to solve differential equations arising in electronics

Formal language

 * Lambda calculus, a formulation of the theory of reflexive functions that has deep connections to computational theory
 * Kappa calculus, a reformulation of the first-order fragment of typed lambda calculus
 * Rho calculus, introduced as a general means to uniformly integrate rewriting into lambda calculus
 * Process calculus, a set of approaches to formulating formal models of concurrent systems
 * Ambient calculus, a family of models for concurrent systems based on the concept of agent mobility
 * Join calculus, a theoretical model for the design of distributed programming languages
 * π-calculus, a formulation of the theory of concurrent, communicating processes
 * Relational calculus, a calculus for the relational data model
 * Domain relational calculus
 * Tuple calculus
 * Refinement calculus, a way of refining models of programs into efficient programs

Other meanings

 * a calculus (pl. calculi), a Roman counting token
 * Battlefield calculus, military calculation of all known factors into the decision-making and action-planning process
 * Calculus of negligence, a legal standard in U.S. tort law to determine if a duty of care has been breached
 * Felicific calculus, a procedure to evaluate the benefit of an action, according to Bentham
 * Professor Calculus, a fictional character in the comic-strip series The Adventures of Tintin