Caligophryne

Caligophryne is a genus of frog in the superfamily Hyloidea, clade Brachycephaloidea. It contains the single species C. doylei and is the only member of the family Caligophrynidae. It is endemic to the highest parts of the Cerro de la Neblina tepui on the border of Brazil and Venezuela.

Etymology
The genus name is a combination of caligo, the Latin word for mist, and phryne, Greek for toad. The species name references famed British writer Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, who wrote The Lost World, a novel that featured prehistoric creatures surviving on a South American plateau.

Taxonomy
Caligophryne was described in 2023 alongside Neblinaphryne, another ancient frog genus thought to belong to its own family that is also endemic to the Neblina massif; both are the first frog taxa described simultaneously as a new species, genus, and family since the purple frog in 2003. Their persistence in the region supports the hypothesis of the tepuis serving as refugia for early Cenozoic taxa. Caligophryne is thought to be the sister group to the Brachycephalidae, a group now restricted to the Atlantic Forest, from which it diverged during the early Eocene.

Threats
Due to its very restricted range at the highest reaches of the Neblina massif, this species is thought to be at high risk from climate change and potential introduction of chytridomycosis, and it has thus been recommended it be classified as critically endangered on the IUCN Red List.