Calliopsis (bee)

Calliopsis is a genus of panurgine bees in the family Andrenidae. There are over 80 described species distributed throughout the western hemisphere.

Description
Calliopsis have yellow and black stripes, long legs and dark wings. Instead of having a long head like other bees, Calliopsis' s heads are quite broad. Male Calliopsis have broad yellow stripes on their head, while females have narrow yellow stripes. The bees also have very distinctive long narrow wings and extra hairy thoraxes. Calliopsis andreniformis bees have green eyes, and males of the species have bright yellow faces and legs.

Behavior
Since Calliopsis has many different species, a lot of bees behave differently in different region. For example, Calliopsis hondurasicus become active at the start of the dry season in mid- to late-December, and activity ends in late January or early February. Males patrol areas where females emerge and later nest, and they defend territories to which they return repeatedly. Male-male contests involve a rapid spiraling-upward flight, often followed by physical aggression after the pair tumbles to the ground.

Diet
Calliopsis, like other bees, use their vision to locate food. They gather nectar and pollen from flowers. Most bees are vegetarian (but see vulture bee).

Mating
Male Calliopsis fly close to the ground and many of them copulate with a single female. Mating takes place on flowers and at nest sites. Calliopsis also are univoltine, which means they only have one brood of offspring a year.

Unlike the meiosis-based sex determination mechanisms of many animals, sex determination in Hymenoptera is clearly under control of the female through selective fertilization of eggs.

Nesting
Nearly all female Calliopsis are solitary nesters, but they dig nests within aggregations near other females. Nests are built in the form of horizontal tunnels connected to waterproofed chambers containing eggs and provisions stored by the mother bee. Each female of this genus digs a solitary underground nest, usually in compacted, dense soil and close to flowering plants that serve as food sources. Calliopsis nesting aggregations can be as dense as 1,650 nests/m^2.

The nest tunnels measure 7.5 mm maximum diameter and 13 mm long. Calliopsis bees build their nest the way they do to mitigate competition between males. Their nest is built for waterproof hazards to keep the soil dry until the ground evaporates. Although reported in a few other bee groups, Calliopsis are unusual in including aquatic nesters: Calliopsis pugionis emerged from nests that had been underwater for at least 3 months.

Species
These 88 species belong to the genus Calliopsis. • Calliopsis andreniformis Smith, 1853 - eastern miner bee

• Calliopsis anomoptera Michener, 1942

• Calliopsis anthidia Fowler, 1899

• Calliopsis argentina Jörgensen, 1912

• Calliopsis australior Cockerell, 1897

• Calliopsis azteca Shinn, 1967

• Calliopsis barbata Timberlake, 1952

• Calliopsis barri Rozen, 1959

• Calliopsis beamerorum Rozen, 1963

• Calliopsis bernardinensis Michener, 1937

• Calliopsis boharti Rozen, 1958

• Calliopsis callops Cockerell & Porter, 1899

• Calliopsis callosa Timberlake, 1952

• Calliopsis cazieri Rozen, 1958

• Calliopsis chlorops Cockerell, 1899 - green-tinted miner bee

• Calliopsis cincta Cresson, 1879

• Calliopsis coloradensis Cresson, 1878 - Colorado miner bee

• Calliopsis coloratipes Cockerell, 1898

• Calliopsis comptula Cockerell, 1916

• Calliopsis crypta Shinn, 1965

• Calliopsis deserticola Shinn, 1967

• Calliopsis edwardsii Cresson, 1878

• Calliopsis empelia Shinn, 1967

• Calliopsis filiorum Rozen, 1963

• Calliopsis flavifrons Smith, 1853

• Calliopsis foleyi Timberlake, 1952

• Calliopsis fracta Rozen, 1952

• Calliopsis fulgida Shinn, 1967

• Calliopsis gilva Shinn, 1967

• Calliopsis granti Shinn, 1967

• Calliopsis helenae Shinn, 1967

• Calliopsis helianthi Swenk & Cockerell, 1907

• Calliopsis hesperia Swenk & Cockerell, 1907

• Calliopsis hirsutifrons Cockerell, 1896

• Calliopsis hirsutula Spinola, 1851

• Calliopsis hondurasica Cockerell, 1949

• Calliopsis hurdiella Shinn & Engel, 2003

• Calliopsis interrupta Provancher, 1888

• Calliopsis kucalumea Shinn, 1967

• Calliopsis laeta Vachal, 1909

• Calliopsis larreae Timberlake, 1952

• Calliopsis limbus Shinn, 1967

• Calliopsis linsleyi Rozen, 1958

• Calliopsis macswaini Rozen, 1958

• Calliopsis meliloti Cockerell, 1896

• Calliopsis mellipes Timberlake, 1952

• Calliopsis mendocina Jörgensen, 1912

• Calliopsis michenerella Shinn & Engel, 2003

• Calliopsis micheneri Rozen, 1958

• Calliopsis mourei Shinn, 1967

• Calliopsis nebraskensis Crawford, 1902

• Calliopsis nigromaculata Timberlake, 1952

• Calliopsis obscurella Cresson, 1879

• Calliopsis pectidis Shinn, 1965

• Calliopsis peninsularis Shinn, 1967

• Calliopsis persimilis Cockerell, 1899

• Calliopsis personata Cockerell, 1897

• Calliopsis phaceliae Timberlake, 1952

• Calliopsis philiphunteri Shinn & Engel, 2003

• Calliopsis puellae Cockerell, 1933

• Calliopsis pugionis Cockerell, 1925

• Calliopsis quadridentata Shinn, 1967

• Calliopsis quadrilineata Provancher, 1888

• Calliopsis rhodophila Cockerell, 1897

• Calliopsis rogeri Shinn, 1967

• Calliopsis rozeni Shinn, 1965

• Calliopsis scitula Cresson, 1878 - charming miner bee

• Calliopsis scutellaris Fowler, 1899

• Calliopsis smithi Rozen, 1958

• Calliopsis snellingi Rozen, 1963

• Calliopsis solitaria Rozen, 1963

• Calliopsis sonora Shinn, 1967

• Calliopsis sonorana Timberlake, 1969

• Calliopsis squamifera Timberlake, 1947

• Calliopsis subalpina Cockerell, 1894

• Calliopsis syphar Shinn, 1967

• Calliopsis teucrii Cockerell, 1899

• Calliopsis timberlakei Rozen, 1958

• Calliopsis trifasciata Spinola, 1851

• Calliopsis trifolii Timberlake, 1952

• Calliopsis unca Shinn, 1967

• Calliopsis verbenae Cockerell & Porter, 1899

• Calliopsis xenopous Ruz, 1991

• Calliopsis xenus Rozen, 1958

• Calliopsis yalea Shinn, 1967

• Calliopsis zebrata Cresson, 1878 - streaked miner bee

• Calliopsis zonalis Cresson, 1879

• Calliopsis zora Shinn, 1967