Cap Gris-Nez

Cap Gris-Nez (literally "Cape Grey Nose"; Koap Zwartenesse in West Flemish) is a cape located in Audinghen, a commune of the Pas-de-Calais département in northern France.

Part of the Cote d'Opale, it is classified as a protected natural area. The cliffs of the Cape are the closest point of France to England, 34 km (21 mi) from their English counterparts at Dover.

Etymology
Gris-nez translates to "grey nose" in French and is a corruption of the archaic English 'craig ness'. It is derived from colloquial Dutch "grey cape"; officially, the Dutch name was Swartenesse ("black cape") to set it apart from Blankenesse "white cape" (Cap Blanc-Nez) to the northeast. The element -nesse is cognate to English -ness, denoting "headland", as in, for example, Dungeness or Sheerness.

Geology
The cliffs of Cap Gris-Nez are made of sandstone, clay, and chalk. They are mainly grey in colour, which gives the cape its name. It is also a popular place to collect fossils, which are mainly from the Jurassic period. Common fossils include bivalves, gastropods, and wood. In the sandstone layers with small pebbles, one can find the teeth of fish and reptiles. Sometimes, larger ammonites are found in the sandstones.

The cape is a migration bottleneck, making it a popular strategic spot for birdwatching and surveying. It offers a well-known vantage point for viewing both birds migrating across the Channel, and birds migrating along the coastline.

History
The proximity of the cape to England led to the frequent destruction of the nearby village of Audinghen in wars between England and France. On the top of the cliff are the ruins of an English fortress, built by Henry VIII at the beginning of the 16th century. The English called the fort 'Blackness', a translation of the Dutch name Swartenisse.

Napoleonic Wars
Napoleon stopped at the cape on July 1, 1803, while making an inspection of the coast around Boulogne-sur-Mer and of his invasion troops. He then envisioned setting up a cross-channel optical telegraph with a semaphore on the cape. The first semaphore of this line was installed on the cape in 1805 without waiting for the planned French invasion of England.

On July 18, 1805, the Battle of Gris-Nez and Blanc-Nez occurred, wherein a British flotilla with strong numerical superiority pursued Dutch ships that were following the coast while trying to get into the harbour at Ambleteuse. Expecting an attack of this type, Napoleon had stationed a battery of 300 guns on the cape, and a barrage from this force obliged the British vessels to withdraw.

World War II
Gabriel Auguste Ferdinand Ducuing and his men died on May 25, 1940, while defending the semaphore, and a commemorative stela was later placed on the cape to commemorate this sacrifice.

Later, the Nazis built a blockhouse inside the Tudor ruins. The locality has a cluster of World War II bunkers, part of the Atlantic Wall intended to rebuff the anticipated allied invasion. There are two heavy artillery sites: Grosser Kurfürst Battery, formerly with three 170 millimetre guns, and Todt Battery, with four 380 mm guns. These covered the approaches to both Calais and Boulogne, and they were protected by large concrete blockhouses as well as other lesser defensive sites. One of the Todt Battery blockhouses now houses the Atlantic Wall Museum.

Units of the 3rd Canadian Infantry Division liberated the area in September 1944.

Post-World War II
The cylindrical concrete lighthouse at Cap Gris-Nez dates from 1958. It is 31 metres (102 feet) high and replaces an earlier structure that was destroyed in 1944.

The lighthouse and its accompanying radar station provide guidance to over 500 ships passing the cape every day.