Charles H. Constable

Charles H. Constable (July 17, 1817 – October 9, 1865) was an American attorney, Illinois State Senator, judge, and real estate entrepreneur. He was raised in Maryland and graduated from the University of Virginia with a degree in Law. After settling in Illinois, he married the oldest daughter of Thomas S. Hinde, a pioneer and real estate developer. Initially, he practiced law in Mount Carmel, Illinois, the town founded by Hinde. He managed the business and real estate affairs of his father-in-law until Hinde died in 1846.

Later, Constable was active in Illinois politics and for a time was a close friend of Abraham Lincoln. During his life, Constable was a one-term Illinois State Senator, a delegate to the Illinois Constitutional Convention, and a one-term Circuit Court Judge. One source described Constable at the time of the Matson slave case to be "the best-educated lawyer at the bar." He is most commonly remembered for his decision to allow four Union deserters to go free during the Civil War. This decision led to Constable's arrest by Union military leaders and a trial in federal court. Constable argued that legal precedent supported his decision, and all charges were dropped in Federal court.

Following the dismissal of charges and his return to the bench, Constable and his family endured repeated threats, violence, and humiliation at the hands of partisan mobs angry at his release of the Civil War deserters. Not long after his release, Constable developed an addiction to morphine, then available over the counter. He died at the age of 48 from an overdose of the drug. One source stated the morphine overdose was a suicide. His wife, Martha Hinde Constable, died shortly after he did.

Early years
Charles Constable was born and raised in Maryland. He attended Bel Air High School, which was a scientific and classical school in Harford County, Maryland. Later he enrolled and graduated from the University of Virginia with high honors. In 1838, he moved to Mount Carmel, Illinois, and shortly thereafter he married Martha Hinde. Martha was the daughter of Thomas S. Hinde, a noted attorney, Methodist minister, real estate entrepreneur, writer, and the founder of Mount Carmel.

Thomas S. Hinde died early in 1846, followed soon by his wife. Martha and her husband took over the care of her younger orphaned siblings, Edmund, Charles, and Belinda Hinde. In the diaries of his nephew, Constable and his wife were described as good and honest people, and they cared for many relatives and friends in their household through the years. During this time, Constable practised law in Mount Carmel and sold town lots in Mount Carmel that had been owned by his father-in-law before his death.

After Hinde's death, Constable quickly gathered all of his writings, diaries, business documents, and miscellaneous other items and donated them to Lyman Draper in 1864, who was known for collecting the papers of figures of the Trans-Allegheny frontier. Because of this donation, many scholars and historians have been able to study these papers. The Thomas S. Hinde documents are owned and kept at the Wisconsin Historical Society.

Early political career
For a short time after the death of Thomas S. Hinde, Constable remained in Mount Carmel with his wife and extended family. He was elected to the Illinois Senate in 1844 and was a delegate for Wabash County, Illinois, to the Illinois constitutional convention. As a member of the Illinois Constitutional Convention, he made substantial contributions during the negotiations and drafting of the Illinois Constitution. He was selected as chairman of the committee to prepare the address of the constitution to the citizens of Illinois. During this time, Constable and Lincoln became close friends; Lincoln is quoted as calling Constable, "my esteemed friend." In 1850 in Peoria, Illinois, Constable was elected Grand Patriarch of the Odd Fellows.

Matson slave case
In 1847, Abraham Lincoln defended Robert Matson, a slave owner who was trying to retrieve his fugitive slaves. Matson had brought the slaves from his Kentucky plantation to work on land he owned in Illinois. The slaves were represented by Orlando Ficklin, Usher Linder, and Charles H. Constable. The slaves ran away while in Illinois and believed that they were free, knowing that the Northwest Ordinance forbade slavery in Illinois. In this case, Lincoln invoked the right of transit, which allowed slaveholders to take their slaves temporarily into free territory. Lincoln also stressed that Matson did not intend the slaves to remain permanently in Illinois.

Even with these arguments, the judge in Coles County ruled against Lincoln, and the slaves were set free. This was part of a principle "once free, always free," which was adopted in Illinois and other free states. One source described Constable at the time of the Matson slave case to be "the best-educated lawyer at the bar."

Attempted government appointments
According to one source, after Zachary Taylor was elected president in 1848, Constable wrote to Lincoln and David Davis seeking a political appointment to a Latin American country as a chargé d'affaires, because of his growing family and declining law practice. Even though both Lincoln and Davis wrote letters in support of Constable, he did not receive any appointments. In January 1851, Lincoln wrote a letter to Senator James Pearce recommending Constable be nominated for an Oregon federal judgeship. Constable did not gain this appointment.

Around 1848, he moved with his family to Marshall, Illinois, and ran unsuccessfully for circuit court judge that same year. In 1858, Constable ran in a special election to fill a vacant seat of the Illinois Supreme Court, but was defeated by Pinckney H. Walker by a vote margin of 229 votes to 95. Constable ran again in 1861 and was elected as a state circuit court judge of the Illinois 4th circuit.

Change of political parties
Originally, Constable was a member of the Whig party, likely due to the close friendship of his father-in-law and Henry Clay. Due mainly to frustrations over how the Whig party had treated him, Constable decided to switch parties. He is quoted as saying, "that the party was dominated by old fogies who are indifferent to younger men." His inclination toward the Democratic Party almost led to a fistfight between himself and Lincoln in a tavern in Paris, Illinois. Lincoln was quoted as saying, "Mr Constable, I understand you perfectly, and have noticed for some time that you have been slowly and cautiously picking your way over to the Democratic party." After this heated exchange, the men reconciled, but by 1856, Lincoln claimed that Constable had left the party. In 1858, Constable was the Illinois elector-at-large for the election of President James Buchanan, a Democrat.

In 1861, Constable was elected judge on the Democratic ticket of the Illinois fourth circuit. This led to a falling out between Lincoln and Constable. On several occasions, while Lincoln was President, Constable repudiated him in front of large crowds. During a rally of more than 40,000 people in Springfield, Illinois, Constable was elected to a leadership position of an organization set up to oppose Lincoln's policies.

Civil War arrest
In March 1863, during the Civil War, soldiers from Indiana ventured into eastern Illinois to chase down and arrest deserters. The mother of a deserter obtained a writ of habeas corpus and conveyed it to Judge Constable. He ordered the Union deserters be released from military custody, arguing that the Union soldiers had no right to arrest the deserters in the sovereign state of Illinois. Word of this extraordinary interference in military affairs reached headquarters in Cincinnati, Ohio. After contacting the War Department, Brig. Gen. Horatio G. Wright, commander of the Department of Ohio, ordered Colonel Henry B. Carrington, commander at Indianapolis, to send a military force to arrest Constable. Carrington himself led the expedition to Marshall. He arrested Constable, appearing while court was in session and surrounding the courthouse with over 200 Union soldiers. Carrington believed the Knights of the Golden Circle, a secret society said to be supporting the South, was responsible for the release of the deserters. Constable graciously invited Carrington to dine with him at his home before they left for Indianapolis, where the judge was granted the freedom of the city on his parole or word of honour.

Constable's arrest prompted military and civil authorities to debate how to try him: by military tribunal or civil court. They ultimately decided to turn him over to the US federal court. After a brief hearing before Judge Samuel H. Treat of the United States District Court for the Southern District of Illinois on April 7, 1863, Constable was released and the charges were dismissed. The case is still noted by legal scholars and historians as an example of the military interfering in civilian courts.

Treatment after the dismissal of charges
After Constable was released from custody and returned to his home in Marshall, he was ostracized by many members of the public, who thought he had acted against the Union. One account states that Constable received death threats, threats to burn his house, and threats to kill his children. In March 1864, Constable was present during the fighting between armed Democrats and soldiers in Charleston, Illinois, commonly referred to as the Charleston Riot. During the riot:

"[Two small boys] saw Judge Constable, white and trembling, in an angle of the wall in the alley to their right, evidently uncertain what to do or where to go next. How a man of his portly form could have vacated the Judge's bench, come down from the courtroom, and got there so soon after the firing began never ceased to be a wonder to those boys."

Constable became a hero to anti-war Democrats, and a target of abuse by pro-war Republicans. In January 1864, Union soldiers on furlough forced Constable under threat of violence to make an oath of allegiance to the federal government in Mattoon, Illinois. One source described the Union soldiers as a "mob" and stated that Constable "shed tears." Another source stated that the soldiers violently dragged Constable off his wagon and humiliated him by making him kneel on the ground and swear his allegiance and that these actions caused an eruption of violence in Mattoon the following day. After the Republican victories in the Illinois elections of 1864, the legislature cut Constable's judicial circuit from six to two counties in early 1865. In the diaries of his nephew Edmund C. Hinde, Constable is described as an honest man with good character, and his opponents are called "cowards" who did not understand the circumstances of the events. According to historian David Williamson, Hinde's argument supporting his uncle's ruling has legal merit. He said that Chief Justice Roger B. Taney made a similar argument in Ex parte Merryman.

Death
During the Civil War, Constable became addicted to morphine, which was then available for sale over the counter in pharmacies. In Edmund C. Hinde's diaries, Constable is described as a "slave" to morphine, and in one journal entry, he is described as lying on the floor and talking like a child while on the drug. He died at the age of 48 from an overdose of morphine, while in Effingham, Illinois, in 1865, on circuit duty as a judge. His wife died shortly after he did. One historian called it suicide. Another source described it in the following way:

"He departed this life some years ago, and the manner of that departure I shall not dwell upon. It was sad, but not dishonourable; and I do not believe that he left a single stain, blemish or blot upon his reputation; and I now bid farewell to his memory."