Child's Play (1988 film)

Child's Play is a 1988 American supernatural slasher film directed by Tom Holland, from a screenplay he co-wrote with Don Mancini and John Lafia, and a story by Mancini. The film stars Catherine Hicks and Chris Sarandon with Brad Dourif as Chucky. Its plot follows a widowed mother who gives a doll to her son, unaware that the doll is possessed by the soul of a serial killer.

Child's Play was released in the United States on November 9, 1988, by MGM/UA Communications Co. It received generally positive reviews from critics and grossed more than $44 million against a production budget of $9 million. Along with the film gaining a 1980s cult following, the box office success also spawned a media franchise that includes a series of six sequels, merchandise, comic books, a reboot, and a television series. The original Child's Play film was distributed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, although the rights to the series were sold to Universal Pictures in 1990. MGM retained the rights to the original film and also distributed the reboot in 2019.

Plot
Detective Mike Norris chases fugitive serial killer Charles Lee Ray through the streets of Chicago and into a toy store. Meanwhile Ray's accomplice, Eddie Caputo, flees the scene. Shot by Norris and dying, Ray performs a voodoo chant to transfer his soul into a nearby Good Guy-brand talking doll. The store is struck by lightning, causing an explosion. Shortly after, Norris finds Ray's lifeless body next to the doll.

Widow Karen Barclay's six-year-old son Andy wants a Good Guy doll for his birthday, but she wasn't able to save up enough to afford one. While at work, her best friend Maggie informs her that a homeless peddler outside has gotten his hands on a Good Guy. After Maggie briefly haggles over the price, Karen excitedly buys the doll and gives it to Andy. Andy is immediately captivated by the doll, who introduces itself as "Chucky."

That night, Maggie babysits Andy while Karen goes back to work to cover a shift. Chucky comes to life and attacks Maggie, striking her with a hammer and causing her to fall out of a window to her death. Karen returns home to the crime scene where Norris is serving as lead detective. Norris believes Andy may have been involved in Maggie's death, while Andy tries to claim that Chucky may have been involved. Andy later tells his mother that Chucky told him his real name was "Charles Lee Ray."

The next day, Chucky convinces Andy to skip school and take a train-ride to a bad neighborhood. Chucky sneaks into an abandoned home where Caputo is hiding out and kills him in a gas explosion in revenge for abandoning him. Andy is discovered by police and again considered a suspect, and Karen is informed he will be admitted to a psychiatric hospital for observation. Karen returns home with Chucky, and discovers that the doll has been moving and speaking on its own without batteries. Chucky violently comes alive and attacks her before escaping. Karen goes to Norris but he does not believe her story.

Karen finds the peddler and asks for more information, but he attempts to sexually assault her; Norris saves her and forces the peddler to admit that he stole the doll from the destroyed toy store where Norris killed Ray. Norris, still skeptical, is later attacked by Chucky. He shoots the doll, whose wound inexplicably bleeds and causes pain. Chucky escapes to his former voodoo instructor John, demanding answers; John informs him that the longer his soul remains in the doll, the more "human" the doll will become. He refuses to help and is subsequently tortured by Chucky with a voodoo doll, forcing him to reveal that in order to escape the doll's body, he must transfer his soul to the first human he revealed his true identity to- Andy. Chucky leaves for Andy as Karen and Norris arrive and find John bleeding to death. Before dying, John tells them that in order to kill Chucky, they must destroy his heart.

Chucky arrives at the psychiatric hospital and kills Andy's doctor with an electroshock therapy device. Andy flees home, where Chucky knocks him out. As Chucky prepares to possess Andy, Karen and Norris arrive. Chucky wounds Norris, but Karen and Andy are able to get the upper hand, setting him on fire. A horribly-burned Chucky attacks again, but Karen shoots his head and several of his limbs off, appearing to kill him. Norris' partner Jack arrives, refusing to believe the trio until Chucky's body bursts through a heat vent and attacks. Norris shoots Chucky's body through the heart, finally killing him. The group leaves to get Norris to the hospital as a traumatized Andy looks back at Chucky's remains.

Cast
Additionally, Alan Wilder appears as Walter Criswell, Edan Gross as a young boy in a commercial promoting Good Guy dolls / Oscar Doll, Aaron Osborne as an orderly, Juan Ramirez as the homeless man who Karen received Chucky from, Tyler Hard as Mona, Ted Liss as George, Roslyn Alexander as Lucy

Development
According to an interview with Mental Floss, screenwriter Don Mancini first conceived of the concept while studying as a literature major at UCLA in 1985. He wrote the first draft of the screenplay while studying film at Columbia University in 1986. Mancini was inspired by the consumerism of the 1980s and the effect of marketing on children based on his experiences with his father, an advertising executive, and the Cabbage Patch riots of 1983. Mancini's troubled relationship with his own father and his experiences of alienation as a gay man caused him to center the script around a child with a single mother and no father figure. He was also influenced by the Cabbage Patch Kids, Trilogy of Terror, Magic, Poltergeist, the character of Freddy Krueger from A Nightmare on Elm Street, and The Twilight Zone episode "Living Doll". The director Tom Holland has also affirmed that the My Buddy dolls played a role in Chucky's design, with the writers even having to change the doll's name from Buddy to Chucky to avoid a lawsuit from Hasbro.

Charles Band expressed interest in filming the script at Full Moon Features, and later produced both Don Mancini's first film Cellar Dweller (1988) and the Puppet Master franchise. However, he did not purchase the rights to Mancini's script because it would have been too expensive for his studio to make. Initially no other studios were interested. However David Kirschner, who would produce all seven films in the Chucky series, agreed to fund it. Kirschner wanted to make a film about a killer doll after reading The Dollhouse Murders and to branch out from children's entertainment after producing An American Tail (1985). Kirschner sent Mancini's second draft and his drawings of the doll to major studios, and attracted more interest due to the success of An American Tail and his links with Steven Spielberg. United Artists won a bidding war to produce the film after studio president Tony Thomopoulous, who would serve as uncredited executive producer of the film, and MGM/UA Communications Chairman Lee Rich realized that it could begin a long-running franchise.

Writing
Mancini's original script was titled Batteries Not Included, with the title later changed to Blood Buddy after it was discovered that a different film with the same name was being made. It would have featured a doll filled with fake blood that would allow it to bleed if played with roughly, and it would have started coming alive while Andy was asleep after he mixed his own blood with the doll's. The doll would have represented Andy's subconscious rage caused by his parents' divorce and his single mother's frequent absence from home, and would have targeted his enemies. The third act would have had the doll trying to kill Andy and his mother so that it would not have to go to sleep while Andy was awake. Mancini's original script would have been a whodunit story which dealt with the effect of advertising and television on children. Mancini's original script was also written to toy with the audience a bit longer, making it ambiguous whether Andy or Chucky was the killer.

Although Kirschner enjoyed Mancini's script, he demanded extensive rewrites because he feared that having the doll be a manifestation of Andy's subconscious anger would make the protagonist too unsympathetic to audiences. He also believed that parents would not be willing to buy their children a doll that bled. MGM/UA was not confident enough in Mancini to allow him to do the rewrites. Kirschner hired Tom Holland to rewrite and direct the film based upon Steven Spielberg's recommendation from his work on Amazing Stories. Holland came up the with the idea that the doll would be possessed by a serial killer. Kirschner named the new character Charles Lee Ray based on Charles Mansion, Lee Harvey Oswald, and James Earl Ray. Ray and his accomplice Eddie Caputo would be based on the "Hillside Stranglers" Angelo Buono Jr. and Kenneth Bianchi.

However, Holland had trouble coming up with a new plot for the film and how Ray's soul would possess the doll in the story. Holland ultimately quit the project in order to direct Fatal Beauty (1987), and MGM/UA nearly cancelled the film. However, Kirschner and Laura Moskowitz hired John Lafia to complete the new script after he responded to their request to the William Morris Agency. In Lafia's rewritten script Charles Lee Ray's soul would have been transferred to the Buddy doll after being executed by electric chair as the doll was being manufactured on an assembly line. The script featured the doll factory where Buddy was produced, which would be recycled for the second film.

Lafia wanted to direct the film himself but was turned down because he had never directed a feature-length motion picture, and the studio sought an experienced director for the production. William Friedkin, Irvin Kershner, Robert Wise, Joseph Ruben, and Howard Franklin were all approached to direct. Ruben and Franklin were both nearly hired, with Franklin even doing rewrites on the script. It is unknown if any of his contributions made it into the film, although he is not credited. Rocky Morton and Annabel Jankel were attached to co-direct together and started penning rewrites themselves but were dismissed after Jankel became pregnant.

Holland was finally rehired as writer-director after the completion of Fatal Beauty and performed a final extensive rewrite on the script. Holland's screenplay moved the setting from a middle-class suburban home to a working-class urban apartment in either Chicago or New York City, changed Karen Barclay from an advertising executive to a department store clerk, and identified that Charles Lee Ray had transferred his soul to the doll via Voodoo magic with help from Damballa. Although Kirschner and Mancini both disliked the Voodoo subplot, this would be the screenplay used for the film. Holland argued that his final rewrite was so extensive that it was completely original from earlier drafts of the film and attempted to claim sole credit. Lafia and Mancini disputed this, and a Writers' Guild of America arbitration panel ruled that the three should share credit with Mancini receiving a special "Story by" credit. Lafia later accused Holland of rewriting the film merely to claim sole writing credit and claimed that previous versions of the screenplay had been better. He, Holland, and Mancini also disputed which of the three was most responsible for creating the character of Chucky for the rest of their lives.

Casting
Auditions for roles in the film began in November 1987 at the Hollywood United Methodist Church. Holland immediately cast Chris Sarandon as Detective Norris after working with him in his first film Fright Night (1985). Catherine Hicks was hired as Karen Barclay on the recommendation of Leonard Nimoy, who worked with her in Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home (1986). Holland considered hundreds of children from across the United States for the role of Andy Barclay. Despite his lack of acting experience compared with the other two finalists, Alex Vincent was cast as Andy Barclay in his second audition after he convincingly pretended to forget his lines in order to avoid cursing in front of his mother.

John Lithgow was considered to play Charles Lee Ray before Brad Dourif was hired after Holland worked with him in Fatal Beauty. Ed Gale was hired to play the body of Chucky, although ultimately he only appeared a few times to supplement animatronics. Initially the voice of Chucky's doll form was intended to be a simple electronic overlay similar to ordinary toys with sound chips. When this was deemed infeasible, John Franklin was hired to record the dialouge and when Dourif was initially unavailable to record Chucky's voice because of his involvement in Mississippi Burning. After negative test screenings, Lafia and Holland decided to recast the role only to find Dourif was still unavailable due to his involvement in Spontaneous Combustion. They cast Jessica Walter to voice Chucky on the basis that Mercedes McCambridge had voiced Pazuzu in The Exorcist. Later, Walter's recordings were discarded when Dourif returned to the film. Unlike Walter, part of Franklin's performance remains in the film through a scene in which he appears as a human television presenter dressed as a Good Guy, a scene which was shot after his replacement.

Filming
Principal photography began on January 7, 1988, and wrapped on March 5, 1988, with a budget of $9-13 million. Mancini and Lafia never entered the set and were minimally involved in the production. Although Mancini claimed this was due to the 1988 Writers Guild of America strike, it was more likely because they feared they would not be welcome since the strike did not begin until several days after principal photography ended. Child's Play was filmed on location in Chicago. MGM/UA executives attempted to convince Kirschner to move the film's setting to California to cut costs, but he declined after becoming dissatisfied with scouting trips to Oakland and San Francisco.

The Brewster Apartments, a Chicago landmark located at Diversey Parkway and Pine Grove Avenue, served as the location of the apartment where Andy and Karen lived and is pictured on the film's poster. In-studio filming took place at Culver Studios in Culver City, California. The Playland Toys shop was filmed on 418 South Wabash Avenue, while Eddie's home was filmed in a North Chicago house that the city had condemned to be demolished. The department store Karen worked at was filmed at the Carson, Pirie, Scott and Company Building. The on-location filming was conducted in the winter with a wind chill reaching as low as -50 °F, forcing the production to rent entire rooms and park running station wagons near shooting locations as warming centers. The mental hospital which Andy is detained at later in the film was shot at the abandoned Municipal Contagious Disease Hospital in South Lawndale and the Illinois Eastern Hospital for the Insane in Kankakee, Illinois. For that scene, Holland got Vincent to cry by telling him that his parents were getting divorced because of him. Although Holland claimed Vincent knew he was lying and Vincent also defended Holland as an adult, Kirschner criticized Holland's treatment of Vincent and claimed that it at times "bordered on cruelty to children."

Chucky's full name, Charles Lee Ray, is derived from the names of notorious killers Charles Manson, Lee Harvey Oswald, and James Earl Ray.

Maggie's death was originally going to be by electrocution while taking a bath. The idea was abandoned, and was later used for Tiffany's death in Bride of Chucky.

Chucky was controlled by a team of nine different puppeteers, led by Brock Winkless, who moved Chucky's mouth via radio control, wearing a rig that captured his mouth movement. The others were in charge of operating the doll's head, face, and limbs. By Curse of Chucky, Chucky's mouth, now performed by lead puppeteer Tony Gardner of Alterian, Inc., was now operated via a radio-control unit without the need for a rig, and the doll himself now required fewer people to bring him to life. For scenes where Chucky had to move around in wide shots, a little-person actor in a life-sized costume, Ed Gale, would portray Chucky in scenes where the character is walking, the props on the set enlarged to fit the size of the actor.

Visual effects
The film used various ways to portray Chucky, including radio-controlled animatronics operated by up to nine puppeteers, extras of short stature, and child actors. Kirschner initially hired Chris Walas to handle the puppetry for the film after his work on Gremlins (1984), but he quit in order to direct The Fly II (1989). After Rick Baker declined to act as Walas's replacement, Kirschner put Kevin Yagher in charge of the puppetry for the film. Various animatronics and cosmetics were used for every scene. Throughout the film, Chucky transitions from appearing as a normal toy to appearing more human, with his hairline receding throughout the film. The film created multiple Chucky animatronics such as a flailing tantrum Chucky, a walking Chucky, and a stationary Chucky. Gale claims that the filmmakers were not sure how well the animatronics would work and shot most scenes with both him and the puppets. The animatronic doll's face was controlled via remote control through a rig capturing facial movement on puppeteer Brock Winkless. For some scenes Holland used short-statured actors and children such as Ed Gale and Alex Vincent's sister Ashley with forced perspective sets.

Test screening
The film initially received negative reviews after a two-hour rough cut was shown to audiences at a test screening. Kirschner and Mancini subsequently cut 25 minutes of the film to reduce the amount of time Chucky was on screen, something Kirschner had advocated for during production to build suspense in a similar fashion to Jaws or Alien. Holland, who had repeatedly clashed with Kirschner over Chucky's amount of time on screen and the film's tone during shooting, objected to the cuts and left the production. Mancini and Lafia were invited back to help re-edit the film.

The three have also suggested that the test screening flopped due to their use of Franklin as the doll's voice. Although Holland and Lafia enjoyed Franklin's performance, test audiences felt it was excessively humorous and did not fit the serious tone of the film. Although they and Mancini found Walter's voice more suitably menacing, they decided she was unable to convey the humor intended for the character, and all of her lines were redubbed with Dourif's voice. The cut footage, shown only in production stills and the film's script, would have featured Charles Lee Ray stalking a drunk woman as a human only to discover it to be Mike Norris on an undercover sting operation, Andy showing Chucky around his room and finding a photograph of his deceased father, John healing an infant through a voodoo ritual, and Chucky unsuccessfully trying to break into Andy's room at the mental hospital and tricking a mentally-ill girl named Mona into carrying him into the ward.

The script also featured an alternate ending in which Chucky is stabbed by Andy with a knife mounted on a radio-controlled car and has his face and legs melted with a squirt gun filled with Drano in addition to being lit on fire and shot repeatedly by Mike and Karen. Chucky would have been seemingly killed by being overpowered by Jack and several police officers. While storing Chucky's remains in an evidence room, another cop would have disbelieved Jack's assertion that the doll was alive, and after they left, Chucky's disembodied arm would have come to life to swat a fly.

Music
The score was composed by Joseph Renzetti which featured a collection of electronic and orchestral elements. Although UA and Holland had planned for the film to have a fully orchestral score, Renzetti wanted an electronic soundtrack. Renzetti and his colleague Craig Harris ultimately composed most of the music on a synthesizer and then converted the MIDI output to musical notes for the orchestra to play. Portions of the soundtrack were released on vinyl in 1989 and was later followed up by another vinyl pressing by Waxwork Records that featured the complete score from the original master tapes. According to music supervisor David Chackler, Renzetti composed the score in just three weeks.

Release
Although Kirk Kerkorian terminated MGM/UA's production agreement with Kirschner during his acquisition of the studio, it agreed to release Child's Play after the recut of the film received positive test screenings in Southern California. MGM/UA made a controversial decision not to release the film during Halloween, in order to avoid competition with competing horror films such as Halloween 4: The Return of Michael Myers. It instead moved the release date closer to Veterans Day weekend.

The film was heavily promoted for three weeks before release through television spots emphasizing audience reactions directed towards 12-to-20-year-olds and intended to "position Chucky as the new terror icon". The film was released on November 9, 1988, in 1,377 theaters, opening at #1, out of the other 12 films that were showing that week, with $6,583,963. The film went on to gross $33,244,684 at the US box office and an additional $10,952,000 overseas for a worldwide total of $44,196,684. It became United Artists' second highest-grossing film of 1988 following Rain Man.

Home media
Child's Play was originally released on VHS in North America by MGM/UA Home Video on April 25, 1989.

The film was first released on DVD by MGM in 1999. The film was presented in an open-matte full screen presentation and included a theatrical trailer and a "Making Of" booklet. The Australian DVD release by MGM featured the film in non-anamorphic widescreen transfer. The DVD was re-released in 2007 with a lenticular cover.

A 20th Anniversary DVD was released by MGM and 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment on September 9, 2008. The film is presented in its original 1.85:1 Widescreen format (for the first time in the U.S. in 20 years) enhanced for 16x9 monitors and includes an English 5.1 surround track and English, French, and Spanish 2.0 stereo tracks. Special features include two audio commentaries with Alex Vincent, Catherine Hicks, Kevin Yagher, producer David Kirschner and screenwriter Don Mancini, a "Selected Scene Chucky Commentary", "Evil Comes in Small Packages" featurettes, a vintage featurette from 1988 titled "Introducing Chucky: The Making of Child's Play", and "Chucky: Building a Nightmare" featurette, theatrical trailer and a photo gallery. The film received a Blu-ray Disc release on September 15, 2009. The DVD does not feature any contributions from director Tom Holland, who claims he was not asked to contribute to it. In response, the website Icons of Fright contacted Holland and asked if he would be willing to record a commentary track that would be free for download on their website. He agreed, and the track is downloadable from here.

On October 8, 2013, the film was re-released again on DVD and Blu-ray in a boxset for the respective formats, containing all six Child's Play films.

On October 18, 2016, Scream Factory and MGM re-released the film in a brand new Collector's Edition Blu-ray.

On October 3, 2017, Universal Home Entertainment re-released the film once again on DVD and Blu-ray in a boxset for the respective formats, containing all seven Child's Play films.

On August 16, 2022, the film was released in Ultra HD Blu-ray for the first time by Scream Factory, featuring newly-restored scans from the original camera negatives made for the first three Child's Play films in addition to Blu-rays containing new and legacy extras as well as the previously released remastered of the film from the 2016 Collector's Edition Blu-ray.

Reception
Critics, who had previously been dismissive of the genre, lauded the film for its distinctive villain, unsettling puppetry work, concise storytelling and death scenes. Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 74% of 53 surveyed critics gave the film a positive review; the average rating is 6.5/10. The site's critics consensus reads, "Child's Play occasionally stumbles across its tonal tightrope of comedy and horror, but its genuinely creepy monster and some deft direction by Tom Holland makes this chiller stand out on the shelf." On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating to reviews, the film has a weighted average score of 58 out of 100 based on 18 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B" on an A+ to F scale.

Roger Ebert gave the film 3 out of 4 stars, calling it a "cheerfully energetic horror film." Caryn James of The New York Times praised it as "a clever, playful thriller," adding, "It's the deft wit and swift editing that keeps us off guard, no matter how predictable the plot." Variety called the film a "near-miss", commending Tom Holland's "impressive technical skill" and the actors for keeping "straight faces during these outlandish proceedings," but finding that "the novelty is not buttressed by an interesting story to go along with the gimmick."

Kevin Thomas of the Los Angeles Times wrote, "Scary, yet darkly funny, this thriller of the supernatural from the director of the terrific 'Fright Night' moves with the speed of a bullet train and with style to burn." Dave Kehr of the Chicago Tribune gave the film 1 out of 4 stars and wrote that it "would probably be sickening if it weren't so relentlessly stupid." Richard Harrington of The Washington Post wrote that Holland "keeps things moving without rushing them. Unfortunately, 'Child's Play' gets a little ugly at the end, not only because the finale seems a rehash of virtually every shock movie of the last 10 years, but because it involves the very realistic terrorizing of a 6-year-old."

Philip Strick of The Monthly Film Bulletin found the plot contrived with "ludicrous supernatural gobbledygook" but thought that Holland handled the action sequences well. Author and film critic Leonard Maltin gave the film three out of a possible four stars, calling it "[a] scary and clever horror thriller", also praising the film's special effects.

Controversies
During the initial release, a large crowd of protesters formed at the main entrance of MGM calling for a ban on the film because, they claimed, it would incite violence in children. Local news reporters from two TV stations were broadcasting live from the scene. The producer, David Kirschner, was watching the demonstration on TV and was disturbed. Jeffrey Hilton, who had been working in Kirschner's office at MGM, indicated that he could quell the disturbance in ten minutes. While Kirschner was watching from the safety of his office, Hilton spoke to the group's leader and shook his hand. The group instantly dispersed, much to the chagrin of the newscasters. Hilton did not reveal to Kirschner whether it had been a threat or simple diplomacy that saved the day. Tom Holland further recalled in 2023:

"'I got boxes of letters from schoolchildren in Great Britain. There was an outcry against the movie where I was criticized for making children afraid of their playthings, especially the dolls, and how horrible I was.'"

Another controversy took place in March 1989, when the film was due to be released on VHS for the first time and a 30-second television advertisement was made to promote it. In the commercial, Chucky "comes to life and begins killing, pursuing an off-screen victim, commiting aggressive acts and speaking in a threatening manner". ABC and CBS pulled the commercial from prime time because viewers (especially parents) began complaining about it being too frightening, thus it only aired at late hours. The ad also continued airing on NBC and MTM, according to Herb Fischer, the then senior vice president of domestic sales and marketing for MGM/UA.

Hilton's diplomacy notwithstanding, the film series was plagued with accusations of inciting violence in children. Child's Play 3 was cited as the "inspiration" for two murders, which took place in the United Kingdom in December 1992 and February 1993 respectively: the murder of Suzanne Capper and the murder of James Bulger. In the Suzanne Capper case, the 16-year-old was forced to listen to recordings of the gangleader repeating the catchphrase "I'm Chucky, wanna play?" Holland, in response to both murders, defended the film, stating that viewers of horror movies could only be influenced by their content if they were "unbalanced to begin with."

Sequels
The film was followed by several sequels including Child's Play 2 (1990), Child's Play 3 (1991), Bride of Chucky (1998), Seed of Chucky (2004), Curse of Chucky (2013), Cult of Chucky (2017), and a television series titled Chucky (2021).

Reboot
A reboot of the franchise was announced by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer to be in development beginning in July 2018. Lars Klevberg served as director, from a script by Tyler Burton Smith. The film was co-produced by Seth Grahame-Smith, David Katzenberg and Aaron Schmidt. The adaptation featured a group of kids who come into contact with a modern-day hi-tech version of the Good Guys doll. The film starred Gabriel Bateman as Andy Barclay and Aubrey Plaza as his mother Karen while Mark Hamill provided the voice for Chucky. The film was released on June 21, 2019.