China Coast Guard

The China Coast Guard (CCG) is the maritime security, search and rescue, and law enforcement service branch of the People's Armed Police of China. The Coast Guard is an armed gendarmerie force (of corps grade), and its cutters are armed. Although the majority of its activities are ordinary law enforcement, it has gained notoriety for its role in political border clashes in the South China Sea and Senkaku/Diaoyu islands.

History
The China Coast Guard was formed in 2013 by combining the maritime branch of the People's Armed Police, the Border Security Force's Maritime Police, and the other maritime law enforcement agencies in China (the Fisheries Law Enforcement Command, General Administration of Customs, and China Marine Surveillance). The unified Coast Guard has been in operation since July 2013. On July 1, 2018, the China Coast Guard was transferred from the civilian control of the State Council and the State Oceanic Administration, to the People's Armed Police, ultimately placing it under the direct command of the Central Military Commission. Its new commander was a PLAN officer, emphasizing its new role as a paramilitary force.

In June 2018, the China Coast Guard was granted maritime rights and law enforcement akin to civilian law enforcement agencies in order to carry out law enforcement against illegal activities, keep peace and order, as well as safeguarding security at sea, in all areas involved with the use of marine resources, protection of marine environment, regulation of fishery, and anti-smuggling. The Coast Guard Law of 1 February 2021 allows CCG ships to use lethal force on foreign ships that do not obey orders to leave Chinese waters. In June 2024, a domestic regulation came into force empowering the CCG to detain foreign vessels and persons up to 60 days.

Functions
The CCG duty is to perform regular patrols and reactive actions (such as Search and Rescue) on the coastal, near sea, and open ocean areas of its jurisdiction (and international waters). These actions include principally law enforcement tasks such as interdicting smuggling, illegal fisheries control, and protecting the environment (such as stopping coral fishing and pollutant dumping).

The CCG also serves as an armed border guard, protecting China's claimed maritime borders, which often leads to conflict and controversy. As a constituent part of the Chinese Armed Forces (being subordinate to the PAP), on wartime it would be placed under the operational control of the People's Liberation Army Navy, in which case it would be likely to play support roles and rear-area escort (like its USCG counterparts, which is also a branch of the military, its ships are not equipped for full military combat).

Law enforcement
The first set of duties of the CCG according to the China Coast Guard Law include seven law enforcement tasks:
 * 1) fighting maritime violations and crimes,
 * 2) preserving maritime safety and security,
 * 3) development and utilization of marine resources,
 * 4) marine ecological and environmental protection,
 * 5) management of marine fishery resources,
 * 6) carrying out anti-smuggling tasks on the sea,
 * 7) coordinating and guiding local maritime law enforcement.

Maritime safety
Another set of responsibilities come from Maritime safety. While maritime safety, SAR, and the enforcement of the rules of marine safety is the main remit of the China Maritime Safety Administration, and the leading organ in active SAR is the China Rescue and Salvage Bureau, the CCG, as the main maritime law enforcement agency, is involved very often in rescue operations. It also supports the CMSA in enforcing maritime safety rules and inspect ships suspected of presenting risks to navigation.

International cooperation
International cooperation and coordination is one of the official tasks of the CCG. Part of this is cooperation with friendly nations for mutually beneficial tasks (such as cooperating with Russia in fishery operations, as part of the plan for the opening and operation of an Arctic passage). More critical is cooperation with neighboring states on matters of mutual interest, in particular fisheries and smuggling. The frequency of that cooperation often correlates with the state of bilateral relationships, but institutional connections do remain continuously active.

In the 2000s and early 2010s, the Chinese Coast Guard (Before 2013, the Maritime Police and China Marine Surveillance) conducted periodic joint-training sessions with other navies in the North Pacific, including the US Coast Guard service. The Chinese Coast Guard has also participated in the annual North Pacific Coast Guard Agencies Forum in Alaska, along with the US, Canadian, Japanese, South Korean, and Russian Coast Guards. As part of an exchange program, around 109 members of the Chinese Coast Guard service have served on U.S. Coast Guard cutters.



The worsening of US-China relationships in the last few years (as of 2024), in particular the ongoing conflict regarding the South China Sea (in which the CCG is directly involved) have all but ended the co-training missions with the USCG, although the purely civilian CMSA still keeps a very close working relationship with its counterparts in the US and Japan.

Territorial sovereignty and rights protection
As China's claims of sovereign waters are extensive and overlap with several other countries, enforcing this doctrine has created a very large number of incidents and controversies involving the CCG. These often escalate to skirmishes and tense brinkmanship in what has been called grey-zone operations. The CCG is at the forefront of these incidents (often alongside the People's Armed Forces Maritime Militia). The probable reason for that usage, according to international analysts is that putting the paramilitary "White Hulls" (the CCG) and the "Blue Hulls" (the PAFMM) at the forefront avoids the dangerous escalation that would happen if the unambiguously military "Gray Hulls" (the PLAN) were involved in an incident.

The CCG is very active in patrolling those rights. The result is a significant number of incidents of varying levels of tension. In 2019, the United States issued a warning to China over aggressive and unsafe action by their Coast Guard and maritime militia. In 2023, the Coast Guard used water cannons on Philippines military ships in contested waters. In 2024, the PAFMM and CCG entered into a tense standoff with the Philippines over the Second Thomas Shoal.

Area Commands
After the reform in 2018, CCG consists of three area commands (administratively sub-bureaus), subdivided into detachments (administratively local bureaus).


 * People's Armed Police Coast Guard Corps East China Sea Command (China Coast Guard East China Sea Sub-bureau)  corps deputy grade unit
 * Jiangsu Detachment (江苏支队) (Jiangsu Coast Guard Bureau)
 * Shanghai Detachment (上海支队) (Shanghai CGB)
 * Zhejiang Detachment 浙江支队 (Zhejiang CGB)
 * Fujian Detachment 福建支队 (Fujian CGB)
 * 1st Detachment 第一支队 (1st Directly Subordinate Bureau)
 * 2nd Detachment 第二支队 (2nd DB)
 * 1st Air Wing 第一航空大队
 * PAPCGC South China Sea Command (CCG South China Sea Subbureau)
 * Guangdong Detachment 广东支队 (Guangdong CGB)
 * Guangxi Detachment 广西支队 (Guangxi CGB)
 * Hainan Detachment 海南支队 (Hainan CGB)
 * 3rd Detachment 第三支队 (3rd DB)
 * 4th Detachment 第四支队 (4th DB)
 * 5th Detachment 第五支队 (5th DB)
 * 2nd Air Wing 第二航空大队
 * PAPCGC North China Sea Command (CCG North China Sea Subbureau)
 * Liaoning Detachment 辽宁支队 (Liaoning CGB)
 * Tianjin Detachment 天津支队 (Tianjin CGB)
 * Hebei Detachment 河北支队 (Hebei CGB)
 * Shandong Detachment 山东支队 (Shandong CGB)
 * 6th Detachment 第六支队 (6th DB)
 * 3rd Air Wing 第三航空大队

Vessels
Chinese Coast Guard ships are painted white with a blue stripe and the words "China Coast Guard" in English and Chinese. CCG ships have hull numbers in the format "Haijing-XX", where XX is a number (up to five figures). Due to the amalgamation of so many forces to form the CCG, the number of ship types and their denomination is very varied and very confusing, with ships often still being referred to with their old "Haijian" (for Marine Surveillance), "Haiguan" (for Customs) or "Yuzheng" (for FLEC) numbers, or referred with their numbers prior to the (ongoing) renumbering.

Before the unification of the CCG, the typical Border Guard Maritime Police boats included the 130 ton Type 218 patrol boat (100 boats), armed with twin 14.5mm machine guns, assorted speedboats, and few larger patrol ships. The largest ship in Chinese Border Patrol Maritime Police service was the 1,500 ton Type 718 cutter (31101 Pudong).

In March 2007, it was reported that the PLAN had transferred two repurposed Type 053 Frigates (renamed Type 728 cutter after the remodeling) (44102, ex-509 Changde; 46103, ex-510 Shaoxing) to the Coast Guard and re-numbered them as Haijing 1002 & Haijing 1003. At the time these ships were the largest vessels in the China Coast Guard inventory. Three more Type 053s were transferred in 2015 (31239, 31240, 31241).

In May 2017, it was reported that China had deployed the 12,000 ton Zhaotou-class patrol cutter China Coast Guard Haijing 3901 (cutter No. 1123 in USI numbers), later renumbered Haijing 5901, to patrol its claimed islands in the disputed South China Sea. The CCG 5901 is the world's biggest coast guard cutter, and is larger than the U.S. Navy's 9,800 ton Ticonderoga-class guided-missile cruisers or the 8,300-9,300 ton Arleigh Burke-class guided missile destroyers. The CCG 3901 cutter is armed with 76mm H/PJ-26 rapid fire naval guns, two auxiliary guns, and two anti-aircraft guns. A second unit, 2901 was deployed in 2020.

Between mid 2021 and January 2023, the Coast Guard received 22 coastal defense Type 056 corvettes transferred from the Chinese People's Liberation Army Navy.

A 2019 estimate of the total number of hulls that can be deployed by the CCG counted 140 regional and oceangoing patrol vessels (more than 1,000 tons displacement), 120 regional offshore patrol boats (500 to 999 tons), 450 coastal and riverine patrol craft (100 to 499 tons), and 600 inshore patrol boats/minor craft (<100tons).

Personnel
CCG ships are staffed by People’s Armed Police personnel. China Coast Guard Academy is a dedicated institution that provides training for personnel entering the CCG.

Bases
The CCG has dozens of bases and facilities up and down the coast of China, some very small, their variegated nature again the result of the Coast Guard's mixed origin. The following are some of the largest and most significant.