Chinese legitimacy question

Chinese legitimacy question (中國代表權問題) is the question regarding the political legitimacy of representing "China", and what polity is considered as "legitimate government of China" or "legitimate representative of China".

From 1911 to 1949, the representation of "China" on the world stage unambiguously belonged to the Republic of China. On October 1, 1949, Mao Zedong officially announced the proclamation of the creation of the People's Republic of China. From then on, two distinct polities, the Republic of China (ROC – which had retreated to Taiwan) and the People's Republic of China (PRC – which now controls mainland China) both claim to be the only legitimate representative of "China".

In 1971, the UN General Assembly passed Resolution 2758, where the PRC officially replaced the ROC's former seat at the UN, including its permanent member status at the security council. Since then, most countries in the world formally recognize the PRC as the representative of China, though many still maintain informal relations with the ROC.

Since the creation of the PRC, the political status of Taiwan has been in dispute. According to the PRC, the UN resolution's recognition of representation extends also to Taiwan, which is why the PRC should be the legitimate representative. However, the ROC disputes this, and historically claimed to be the representative of China in line with its One China principle. However, the government has in recent years been more accepting of the Two Chinas reality based on the 1992 Consensus.

History
Ever since the creation of the Republic of China in 1911, there have been numerous divisions within the government, most notably between the Nanjing government and Beiyang government. There was also the creation of the Chinese Soviet Republic that opposed the rule of the ROC.

By 1949, the communist forces in China successfully defeated the nationalist army in the Chinese Civil War, and captured all of mainland China. That same year, the government proclaimed the creation of the People's Republic of China, and has ever since claimed legitimate representation for "China", often with the help of the Soviet Union. On the other hand, the Republic of China, which has now fled to Taiwan after losing to the communists, continued to claim legitimacy through its seat at the UN, often with the help of the United States. In the following years, as the number of states recognizing the PRC increased, more states also supported the PRC in gaining representation at the UN. The US once suggested the possibility for dual representation of both the PRC and the ROC at the UN, but received rejection from the PRC.

In 1971, the UN General Assembly passed Resolution 2758, officially recognizing the PRC as the legitimate representative of "China". The next year, the PRC and the US held meetings that led to the announcement of the Shanghai communique. In it, the American side "acknowledges that... there is but one China and that Taiwan is a part of China". This solidified the idea of One China, which both the PRC and ROC adhere to, claiming itself to be the sole legitimate representative. The Amreican declaration intentionally left unclear which China the "China" represents, signalling the US's continued policy of strategic ambiguity regarding the China issue.

Since losing its UN seat, the ROC has been less adamant in its claims of "One China" and has become more quietly accepting of the two Chinas reality. Today, most call the ROC as "Taiwan", reflecting this change in attitude.

PRC Perspective
According to the PRC, it has always been the legitimate representative of "China" ever since its proclamation in 1949. In addition, it holds that Taiwan is a "renegade province" of China, and that the Resolution 2758 passed in 1971 has settled this legitimacy question for both China and Taiwan once and for all.

ROC Perspective
The perspective of the ROC has had more change over time than that of the PRC. During the one-party era from 1948 to 1991 in the ROC, the government viewed the PRC and its governing communist party as a rebel group, and viewed itself as the only legitimate representative of China. More recently though, the government has been less resolute in calling itself "China", instead either using "Republic of China" officially or "Taiwan" unofficially. Today, the ROC generally follows a more practical approach to diplomacy, which sees itself less as a representative of all of China, but instead just of Taiwan.

International Community
The PRC dictates that any nation which wishes to form diplomatic relations with the PRC must follow its One china principle. This effectively means that any state must choose to recognize either the PRC or ROC, but not both at the same time.

Besides the around a dozen states that recognizes the ROC, all the other states in the world recognizes the PRC and so, at least partially, adheres to its One China principle. On the political status of Taiwan, many states conduct a strategically ambiguous foreign policy. For example, Canada states that it "takes note of" the PRC's position, instead of using more direct words such as "recognizes".

US policy
The Three Communiques between the United States and People's Republic of China established the US's policy towards the PRC. At the same time, the US abides by its Taiwan Relations Act, which guarantees security of the status quo for the island of Taiwan.

On May 16, 2023, the US House passed the Taiwan International Solidarity Act. This act emphasizes that Resolution 2758 merely addresses the legitimacy question of China, but not Taiwan.

United Nations
The Republic of China is one of the founding members of the United Nations, and one of the original five permanent members of the UN Security Council. At the time of creation in 1945, the ROC still controlled mainland China as it fought against the CCP in the Chinese Civil War. However, the ROC retreated to Taiwan after losing the war in 1949, but continued to hold its seat at the UN. The People's Republic of China has since its proclamation demanded representation at the UN to replace the ROC, but failed numerous times.

On July 15, 1971, Albania led a delegation of 18 UN members to call for recognizing the PRC as the only legal representative of "China" in the UN.

During a period of intense debate in the UN from October 19 to 24, 1971, the representatives of more than 70 member states spoke about their views regarding the issue of the representation of China in the UN. Saudi Arabia, as an ally of the ROC, tried to prevent the complete expulsion of the ROC. Its representatives (Jamil Baroody) tried to propose a "dual-representation" resolution. If passed, this resolution would allow the PRC to gain the ROC's permanent seat at the security council, but would also allow the ROC to retain a regular member's seat at the general assembly. However, this resolution failed with 61 against, 51 in favor, and 16 abstentions.

On October 25, 1971, the UN General Assembly again voted on this issue through Resolution 2758, which officially recognized the People's Republic of China as "the only legitimate representative of China to the United Nations" and have decided to "expel forthwith the representatives of Chiang Kai-shek from the place".

In 2023, Polish scholars Antonina Łuszczykiewicz and Patrick Mendis published a journal article in The National Interest, which outlined their views supporting a greater role for Taiwan at the UN. The authors point out that Resolution 2758 only "recognizes the PRC as the 'only lawful representative of China.'" However, this resolution "does not authorize Beijing to represent Taiwan in the UN system" because "it does not state that Taiwan is part of the PRC".

International Olympic Committee
Ever since the passage of Resolution 2758, the PRC government have pressurized different international organizations to stop calling the ROC "China" or "Republic of China". In the 1976 Summer Olympics, the ROC was forced to enter under the name "Taiwan". The team later withdrew due to disagreements with this policy.

In 1979, the International Olympic Committee approved a decision, and the ROC will now have to enter the games under the title "Chinese Taipei". The PRC officially accepted this name under a separate agreement with the IOC two years later. Since then, the ROC has generally adopted this name when entering into Olympic games.